UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


A 001"  120  187     8 

U.  S.  DEPAR.mi-ni    vr  AUKICULIURE, 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.— BULLETIN  No.  97. 

A.  D.  MELVIN.  CHIEF  OF  BUREAU. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  CONFERENCE  OF  FEDERAL 
AND  STATE  REPRESENTATIVES 


TO   CONSIDER    PLANS   FOR 


HELD   AT 


NASHVILLE,  TENN.,  DECEMBER  5  AND  6,  1906. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    d-FlCE. 

1901 


Issued  March  4,  1907. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.— BULLETIN  No.  97. 


A.  D.  MF.LVIN,  CHIEF  OF  BUREAU. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  CONFERENCE  OF  FEDERAL 
AND  STATE  REPRESENTATIVES 


TO   CONSIDER   PLANS   FOR 


THE  ERADICATION  OF  THE  CATTLE  TICK, 


HELD   AT 


NASHVILLE,  TENN.,  DECEMBER  5  AND  €,  1906. 


WASHINGTON: 
C.OVHRNMhNT    PRINTING    OI-HCH. 

1907. 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Chief:  A.  D.  MELVIX. 

Assistant  Chief:  A.  M.  FARRINGTON. 

Chief  Clerk:  E.  B.  JONES. 

Biochemic,  Dinsion:  MARION  DORSET,  chief;  JAMES  A.  EMERY,  assistant  chief. 

Dairy  Dinswn:  ED.  H.  WEBSTER,  chief;  0.  B.  LANE,  assistant  chief. 

Inspection  Division:  RICE  P.  STEDDOM.  chief;  U.  G.  HOUCK,  associate  chief;  MORRIS 
WOODEN,  assistant  chief. 

Pathological  Division:  JOHN  11.  MOHLER,  chief;  HENRY  J.  WASHBURN,  assistant 
chief. 

Quarantine  Division:  RICHARD  W.  HICKMAN,  chief. 

Division  of  Zoology:  BRAYTON  II.  RANSOM,  chief. 

Experiment  Station:  E.  C.  SCHUOEDER,  superintendent;  W.  E.  COTTON,  assistant. 

Animal  Husbandman:  GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL. 

Editor:  JAMES  M.  PICKENS. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  January  13,  1907. 

SIR  :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a  report  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  a  conference  of  Federal  and  State  representatives  which  was 
held  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  December  5  and  6,  1906,  to  consider  plans 
for  the  eradication  of  the  cattle  tick.  The  papers  and  discussions 
have  an  important  bearing  on  the  work  now  in  progress  by  coopera- 
tion between  this  Department  and  the  authorities  of  certain  States 
for  the  extermination  of  the  tick  which  spreads  Texas  fever  of  cattle, 
and  it  is  desirable  to  disseminate  this  information  among  the  people 
of  the  affected  sections  of  the  country.  I  therefore  recommend  the 
publication  of  the  report  as  Bulletin  No.  97  of  this  Bureau.  For  the 
sake  of  brevity  the  proceedings  have  been  somewhat  condensed. 
Respectfully, 

A.  D.  MELVIN, 

CJiief  of  Bureau. 
Hon.  JAMES  WILSON, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Organi/.ation 7 

Remarks  by  the  chairman 7 

Persons  present 8 

Order  of  business 9 

The  work  of  tick  eradication  from  the  standpoint  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try.    By  A.  D.  Melvin,  Chief  of  the  Bureau 10 

Report  of  cooperative  work  on  tick  eradication.     By  R.  P.  Steddom,  chief  of 

Inspection  Division,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 12 

The  work  by  States 14 

Summary 19 

Disinfection  of  cattle  and  premises.     By  H.  A.  Morgan,  director  Tennessee 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 20 

Discussion 21 

The  legal  side  of  the  tick-eradication  problem.    By  George  P.  McCabe,  Solicitor, 

Department  of  Agriculture 28 

Discussion 32 

Cooperation    between  the  States  and  the    Federal   Government.     By  D.   F. 

Luckey,  State  veterinarian  of  Missouri 35 

Discussion 3G 

The  enforcement  of  quarantine  regulations.     By  Thomas  Morris,  secretary  Okla- 
homa live-stock  sanitary  commission 37 

Discussion 38 

Education  and  publicity  as  an  aid  to  tick  eradication.     By  C.  A.  Cary,  professor 

of  veterinary  science,  Alabama  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 40 

Discussion 41 

Interstate  Live-stock  Association 47 

Reports  from  States : 47 

Alabama 47 

Arkansas 47 

Florida 48 

Georgia 49 

Kentucky 50 

Louisiana 52 

North  Carolina 53 

Oklahoma 54 

South  Carolina 55 

Tennessee 5f> 

Texas 58 

Virginia GO 

Kmmirks  by  Albert  Dean  on  the  work  in  the  West 61 

Work  against  Texan  fever  with  special  reference  to  Oklahoma.     By  Leslie  J. 

Allen,  inspector,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry li(i 

Discussion 70 

Keeping  r'H-ordu  of  inspections 71 

5 


6  CONTENTS. 

Feeding  sulphur,  dipping,  etc 

Difficulties  of  work  along  State  Ixiundariea 

Trouble  with  ox  teams 

Remarks  by  W.  II.  Dunn 

Plans,  methods,  and  prospects  for  tick  eradication  in  Texas.     By  Joseph  W. 

Parker,  inspector,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 83 

Report  on  arsenical  cattle  dip   for  ticks.     By  Joseph  W.  Parker,   inspector, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 89 

Resolutions 92 

Remarks  in  conclusion 93 

Index..  95 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  CONFERENCE  OF  FEDERAL  AND  STATE  REP- 
RESENTATIVES TO  CONSIDER  PLANS  FOR  THE  ERADICATION  OF 
THE  CATTLE  TICK. 


ORGANIZATION. 

The  meeting  convened  in  the  Federal  Building,  Nashville,  Tenn., 
December  5,  1906,  at  10.15  o'clock  a.  m. 

Dr.  A.  D.  Melvin,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.,  called  the  meet- 
ing to  order  and  asked  for  nominations  for  chairman  and  secretary. 

Mr.  R.  F.  Wright,  assistant  commissioner  of  agriculture  of  Geor- 
gia, Atlanta,  Ga.,  was  elected  chairman,  and  Dr.  W.  P.  Ellenberger, 
inspector  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  was 
elected  secretary. 

REMARKS  BY  THE  CHAIRMAN. 

Mr.  WRIGHT.  I  hope  to  have  your  hearty  cooperation  in  the  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  the  important  position  to  which  you  have  elec- 
ted me.  We  consider  that  no  work  in  which  the  people  of  our  grand 
country  are  engaged  is  more  important  than  that  of  tick  eradication, 
Six  or  eight  years  ago,  in  Georgia,  we  took  this  work  under  considera- 
tion, and  with  a  little  $500  appropriation  we  worked  five  or  six  long 
years  and  finally  eradicated  the  tick  from  three  counties.  Since  our 
National  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  of  which  Doctor  Melvin  is  chief, 
has  taken  charge  of  the  work  and  given  us  some  assistance,  we  have 
practically  eradicated  the  ticks  from  seven  counties  of  Georgia,  and  I 
think  Doctor  Payne,  who  has  had  the  work  in  charge,  will  recommend 
three  counties  to  be  placed  above  the  quarantine  line  provisionally. 
With  a  few  exceptions,  our  people  have  taken  hold  of  this  work 
smoothly  and  systematically,  and  have  allowed  us  to  work  straight 
through.  They  have  given  us  their  aid  and  cooperation.  Doctor 
Payne  soon  organized  his  forces  and  got  the  work  in  good  shape,  and  I 
am  satisfied  that  in  a  year  from  now,  say  by  the  1st  of  next  August, 
six  or  seven  of  these  counties  will  be  ready  to  be  placed  above  the 
national  quarantine  line;  at  least  we  hope  so.  But  I  would  like  to  state 
that  I  think  it  would  be  a  mistake  to  prematurely  withdraw  the  forces 
from  the  States  or  from  the  counties  in  which  they  are  now  engaged. 
It  may  be  that  the  appropriation  has  grown  very  small,  and  perhaps  it 

7 


8  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

will  be  wise  to  curtail  the  number  of  inspectors  in  our  State.  We  have 
10  or  12, 1  believe,  but  we  would  not  be  satisfied  for  the  Bureau  of  Ani- 
mal Industry  to  leave  us  until  we  learn  to  stand  alone  and  to  walk  a 
little.  If  you  remove  these  inspectors  now,  we  can  not  expect  to  find 
things  in  good  condition  when  we  resume  work  next  spring.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  you  give  us  an  inspector  for  two  counties  and  let  him 
look  them  over  during  December,  January,  February,  and  March,  we 
can  still  hold  those  counties  in  check. 

We  need  a  large  appropriation.  Our  legislature  had  adjourned 
prior  to  last  August  when  we  began  this  work  in  Georgia.  Owing  to  the 
great  multiplicity  of  work  before  our  State  at  that  time,  and  the  num- 
ber of  appropriations,  and  the  confusion  of  a  hot  gubernatorial  con- 
test, the  legislature  did  not  make  an  appropriation;  but  I  will  assure 
the  Department  that  next  summer  Georgia  will  come  forward  with  a 
good  appropriation  to  help  this  tick  eradication  work.  A  number  of 
citizens  of  towns  just  below  the  tier  of  counties  in  which  our  work  has 
been  done  have  petitioned  us  to  come  down  and  see  them.  They  are 
getting  interested  in  the  work.  I  am  satisfied  with  the  work  which  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  has  done  already.  The  greatest  difficul- 
ties that  are  to  be  overcome  in  tick  eradication  in  Georgia  have  been 
encountered  in  the  manor  districts  where  there  is  free  pasturage  and 
no  stock  laws.  It  was  hard  to  manage  them,  and  we  have  had  a  lot  of 
trouble;  but  most  of  the  counties  still  lower  down  have  stock  laws, 
and  it  will  be  much  easier  to  eradicate  the  tick  there. 

I  now  declare  this  meeting  ready  for  business. 

PERSONS  PRESENT. 

The  roll  of  States  was  called,  and  the  following  responded: 

Alabama:  C.  A.  Cary,  professor  of  veterinary  science,  State  Agricultural  and  Mechan- 
ical College,  Auburn. 

Arkansas:  \V.  Lenton,  veterinarian  to  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
Fayetteville. 

California:  Charles  Keane,  State  veterinarian,  Sacramento. 

Florida:  C.  F.  Dawson,  veterinarian  to  State  board  of  health,  Lake  City. 

Georgia:  R.  F.  Wright,  assistant  commissioner  of  agriculture,  Atlanta;  C.  L.  Wil- 
loughby,  dairy  and  animal  husbandman,  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
Experiment. 

Kentucky:  F.  T.  Eisenman,  State  veterinarian,  Louisville. 

Louisiana:  Wilmon  Newell,  secretary  State  crop  pest  commission,  Baton  Rouge; 
C.  E.  Mauldin,  inspector,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  New  Orleans. 

Missouri:  D.  F.  Luckey,  State  veterinarian,  Columbia. 

North  Carolina:  Cooper  Curtice,  inspector,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Raleigh 
(representing  State  department  of  agriculture  by  request). 

Oklahoma:  Thomas  Morris,  secretary  live-stock  sanitary  commission,  Guthrie. 

South  Carolina:  L.  A.  Klein,  veterinarian  to  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
Clemson  College. 

Tennessee:  H.  A.  Morgan,  director  of  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Knox- 
ville;  R.  H.  Kittrell,  State  live-stock  commissioner,  Murfreesboro;  Zach.  Biggs, 


ORDER    OF    BUSINESS.  9 

deputy  State  live-stock  commissioner,  Trenton;  John  T.  Goodrich,  deputy  State  live- 
stock commissioner,  Fayetteville. 

Texas:  J.  W.  Parker,  inspector.  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  San  Antonio  (repre- 
senting State  live-stock  sanitary  commission  by  request). 

Virginia:  John  Thompson  Brown,  chairman  State  board  of  control,  Brierfield;  E.  J. 
Harrison,  Cumberland. 

The  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  was  represented  by  the  following: 

A.  D.  Melvin,  chief  of  the  Bureau. 

R.  P.  Steddom,  chief  of  the  Inspection  Division. 

B.  H.  Ransom,  chief  of  the  Division  of  Zoology. 

Cooper  Curtice,  inspector  in  charge  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 
A.  J.  Payne,  inspector  in  charge  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

\V.  P.  Ellenberger,  inspector  in  charge  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  and 
Mississippi. 

Albert  Dean,  live-stock  agent  in  charge  of  Arkansas,  Texas,  and  Oklahoma. 

C.  E.  Mauldin,  inspector,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Joseph  \V.  Parker,  inspector,  San  Antonio,  Tex. 
E.  M.  Nighbert,  inspector,  Georgia. 

Willis  B.  Lincoln,  inspector,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
George  P.  McCabe,  Department  Solicitor. 

ORDER  OF  BUSINESS. 

Doctor  KEAXE.  I  think  the  object  of  this  meeting  should  be  stated. 
It  affects  the  whole  southern  portion  of  this  country,  and  we  should 
have  a  regular  order  of  business.  A  committee  on  resolutions  should 
be  appointed  by  the  chair  and  a  programme  of  reports  from  the  dif- 
ferent States  and  the  Bureau  inspectors  should  be  made  out.  I  move 
that  the  chairman  appoint  a  committee  of  five  on  resolutions. 

The  motion  was  seconded  and  passed,  and  the  chairman  appointed 
the  following  committee:  Thomas  Morris,  Charles  Keane,  L.  A.  Klein, 
H.  A.  Morgan,  J.  Thompson  Brown,  and  D.  F.  Luckey. 

A  motion  by  Mr.  McCabe,  seconded  by  Professor  Willoughby,  that 
a  committee  of  three  on  order  of  business  be  appointed  by  the  chair, 
and  that  the  meeting  take  a  recess  of  fifteen  minutes  in  order  to 
give  that  committee  time  to  report,  was  adopted.  The  chairman 
appointed  George  P.  McCabe,  Wilmon  Newell,  and  R.  P.  Steddom. 

The  committee  on  order  of  business  submitted  the  following  report, 
which  was  adopted: 

1.  Committee  on  resolutions  to  report,  the  report  to  be  considered  at  any  time. 

2.  Remarks  by  Dr.  A.  D.  Melvin  on  "The  work  of  tick  eradication  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry."     Fifteen  minutes. 

3.  Report  of  Dr.   R.  P.  Steddom  on  the  work  of  tick  eradication  which  has  been 
accomplished  to  date.     Fifteen  minutes. 

•1.  Prof.  II.  A.  Morgan  on  "Disinfection  of  cfTttle  and  premises."  Fifteen  minutes. 
General  ducuflBlon,  thirty  minutes,  each  speaker  limited  to  three  minutes. 

5.  Mr.  George  P.  McCabe,  "The  legal  side  of  the  tick-eradication  problem."  Fif- 
teen minutes.  Discussion,  thirty  minutes:  three  minutes  to  each  speaker. 

<>.  Dr.  I).  F.  Luckey,  "Cooperation  between  the  States  and  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment." Fifteen  minutes.  Discussion,  thirty  minutes;  three  minutes  to  a  speaker. 


10  THE    ERADICATION    OB'    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

7.  Hon.  Thomas  Morris,  "Enforcement  of  quarantine  regulations."    Fifteen  minutes. 
Discussion,  thirty  minutes;  three  minutes  to  a  speaker. 

8.  Dr.  C.  A.  Cary,  ''  Educational  and  publicational  work." 

9.  Reports  of  State  representatives,  five  minutes  to  a  man. 

(Signed)  GEORGE  P.  MC€ABE, 

WILMON  NEWELL, 
R.  P.  STEDUOM, 

Committee. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  Unless  there  is  objection,  this  report  will  be  con- 
sidered adopted,  and  it  will  be  the  order  of  business,  unless  otherwise 
changed  by  the  meeting.  Remarks  by  Doctor  Melvin  are  now  in 
order. 

THE  WORK   OF    TICK   ERADICATION   FROM    THE    STANDPOINT   OF 
THE  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

By  A.  D.  MELVIN,  Chief  of  the  Bureau. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  I  feel  that  this  meeting  is  of  the 
greatest  importance,  because  it  represents  one  of  the  greatest  move- 
ments ever  started  for  the  betterment  of  the  live-stock  interests  in  the 
South.  The  deliberations  of  this  body  should  carry  a  great  deal  of 
weight  in  outlining  our  future  work.  The  work  that  we  have  done 
during  the  past  years  and  are  now  doing  has,  I  think,  progressed  suf- 
ficiently to  showT  that  tick  eradication  is  practicable,  and,  considering 
the  wrork  that  has  been  done,  it  is  not  expensive.  It  is  very  cheap, 
indeed,  compared  w^ith  the  results  and  benefits  that  will  be  derived 
from  it.  Probably  we  ought  not  to  be  too  sanguine  as  to  our  future 
progress,  because  the  portions  of  territory  that  we  have  commenced 
upon  will  naturally  be  those  that  will  be  the  easiest  cleaned  of  infec- 
tion. At  the  same  time  I  do  not  think  that  we  should  be  pessimistic; 
in  fact,  I  am  very  optimistic  over  what  we  have  done. 

Before  Congress  took  any  action  in  making  an  appropriation  for  this 
specific  purpose,  I  commenced  to  outline  our  future  work.  Doctor 
Steddom,  as  chief  of  the  Inspection  Division  of  the  Bureau,  was 
assigned  to  this  work  and  nearly  all  of  his  other  duties  wTere  assigned  to 
others  in  order  that  this  could  have  his  undivided  attention;  and  the 
carrying  on  and  outlining  of  this  work  has  been  the  greatest  part  of 
his  work  during  the  past  year. 

At  the  same  time,  through  our  Solicitor,  wre  took  up  with  the  various 
States  the  question  of  legislation.  This  will  be  dwelt  upon  quite  fully 
by  Mr.  McCabe.  It  was  necessary  for  us  to  knowr  wrhat  each  State 
could  do  in  the  wray  of  cooperation,  as  wre  could  not  do  anything 
beyond  regulating  interstate  shipments  except  through  cooperation 
with  the  State  boards.  Some  of  the  States  had  insufficient  laws  and 
some  had  no  laws  whatever  to  assist  us;  but  we  took  advantage  of 
everything  there  was  and  made  the  most  of  it,  and  we  have  gone  ahead 


TICK    ERADICATION    FROM    THE    BUREAU'S    STANDPOINT.         11 

that  way.  But  before  we  can  make  very  great  progress  in  some 
States,  different  legislation  will  be  necessary. 

Besides  this  legislation,  each  State  should  do  all  it  can  in  the  way  of 
appropriation.  I  feel  that  the  General  Government  must  bear  the 
greater  part  of  these  expenditures,  but  each  State  should  do  all  within 
its  power  in  the  way  of  providing  funds  to  assist,  because  the  more 
money  we  have  judiciously  expended,  the  sooner  we  will  get  through 
wifch  the  work  and  the  less  the  delay  will  be.  The  shorter  the  time  in 
getting  their  farms  and  neighborhoods  free,  the  less  opposition  we  are 
going  to  have  from  the  people.  If  for  any  reason  it  should  be  neces- 
sary to  let  the  work  drag  along  for  several  years,  the  people  will 
become  impatient  and  discouraged,  and  we  will  lose  their  support, 
which  we  must  have,  at  least  to  a  very  great  extent,  to  be  successful. 

The  question  of  inspectors  was  one  that  embarrassed  us  a  great  deal, 
as  in  addition  to  this  tick  work  we  had  the  enormous  meat-inspection 
work,  which  was  provided  for  by  Congress  at  the  last  session  and 
which  includes  all  slaughtering  establishments  or  meat-curing  establish- 
ments which  do  an  interstate  business,  the  only  exceptions  being  retail 
dealers,  butchers,  and  farmers.  From  having  1 50  establishments  under 
inspection  our  service  was  increased  to  include  more  than  650  estab- 
lishments, and  instead  of  a  force  of  something  over  800  employees  on 
meat  inspection,  we  now  have  over  2,000.  In  order  to  extend  this 
work  it  was  necessary  to  scour  the  country  for  the  necessary  men.  We 
were,  and  still  are,  lacking  in  number  of  veterinarians,  and  for  this 
reason  we  could  not  supply  for  the  work  of  tick  eradication  as  many, 
and  not  always  as  experienced,  inspectors  as  we  desired.  The  States 
have  assisted  us  considerably  and  we  have  been  able  in  many  cases  to 
appoint  State  inspectors  and  pay  their  salaries.  I  think  that  the 
employment  of  many  of  those  inspectors  was  a  very  wise  thing,  because 
they  had  the  confidence  of  the  people  with  whom  they  came  in  contact, 
and  were  efficient;  but  great  care  must  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  all 
our  inspectors.  The  mistake  of  one  inspector  or  the  carelessness 
or  the  indifference  of  another  can  reflect  upon  the  work  of  all  of  them 
to  some  extent.  People  are  inclined  to  charge  the  mistake  of  one  indi- 
vidual to  the  whole  force. 

In  addition  to  having  efficient  inspectors,  we  must  try  as  far  as 
possible  to  adopt  certain  rules  and  regulations  upon  which  to  proceed, 
and  strictly  enforce  these  regulations.  The  experience  that  I  have 
had  in  all  of  our  work  has  been  that  to  have  any  favorites  is  a  mistake. 
As  far  as  possible,  all  individual  cattle  owners  must  be  treated  alike, 
circumstances  and  conditions  being  considered.  ^ 

We  have  employed,  besides  the  regular  inspectors  and  persons 
located  in  the  States  whom  we  employed  as  inspectors,  several  others 
to  visit  and  attend  various  live-stock  meetings,  in  order  to  address 
them  upon  tick  eradication,  and  hot  only  instruct  the  people  as  to 


12  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

what  we  intend  to  do  and  could  do,  but,  as  far  as  possible,  to  create 
and  encourage  an  enthusiasm  for  this  work.  We  have  had  a  number 
of  these  gentlemen,  and  I  believe  that  their  work  has  been  very  bene- 
ficial. It  is  necessary  for  all  who  are  engaged  in  this  work  to  famil- 
iarize themselves  as  thoroughly  as  possible  with  the  subject  and  to 
talk  tick  all  the  while  and  never  forget  about  it.  Wherever  you  get 
a  chance,  where  any  possible  good  may  come,  talk  about  the  subject 
and  keep  it  alive.  • 

The  work  that  we  have  done,  as  indicated  in  the  reports  that  we 
have  received  from  our  various  inspectors,  contemplates  the  releasing 
of  a  territory  of  something  like  50,000  square  miles.  This  is  an 
immense  area  and  includes  territory  in  nearly  all  the  States.  It  is 
an  area,  as  the  Secretary  states  in  his  report,  larger  than  the  State  of 
Virginia.  I  think  that  we  should  feel  very  much  gratified  at  having 
accomplished  such  a  tremendous  work  in  the  comparatively  short 
time  of  five  months.  Some  of  this  territory  may  not  be  clean;  we 
may  still  have  to  hold  some  of  it  in  quarantine.  But  with  such  a 
showing  as  that  I  think  we  can  go  to  Congress  with  assurance  and  ask 
for  a  larger  appropriation  in  order  that  this  work  can  be  continued; 
and  I  believe  that  if  we  get  the  proper  support  we  will  make  a  greater 
showing  next  year  than  wre  have  this  year. 

I  came  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  you  gentlemen,  hearing  from 
you  regarding  the  work  in  your  various  localities,  and  seeing  it  from 
your  point  of  view.  Of  course,  we  in  Washington  may  have  different 
ideas,  and  for  this  reason  I  desire  to  hear  each  one  of  you  express 
himself. 

REPORT  OF  COOPERATIVE  WORK  ON  TICK  ERADICATION. 

By  R.  P.  STKDDOM, 
Chief  of  Inspection  Division,  Bureau,  of  Animal  Industry. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  This  is  a  report  of  the  work  up 
to  October  31,  1906,  submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  June  30, 
1906,  appropriating  $82,500  to  enable  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
to  undertaKe  experimental  work  in  cooperation  with  State  authori- 
ties in  eradicating  the  ticks  transmitting  southern  cattle  fever,  the 
Department  has  for  some  months  past  been  assisting  the  States  and 
Territories  from  California  to  Virginia  along  these  lines.  Antici- 
pating the  action  of  Congress,  an  investigation  was  made  respecting 
the  laws  of  the  various  States,  and  through  the  various  attorneys- 
general^pquiry  was  made  relative  to  the  existence  of  State  laws  under 
which  the  Government  could  undertake  the  work  of  tick  eradication. 
It  was  found  that,  while  some  State  laws  afford  ample  provisions, 
other  States  either  have  no  law  bearing  on  the  subject  or  the  statutes 
are  inadequate.  The  following  table  shows  the  particular  points 


REPORT    ON    COOPERATIVE    WORK    ACCOMPLISHED. 


13 


covered  by  the  investigation  and  the  general  trend  of  the  information 
received : 

Provisions  of  State  and  Territorial  laws  relating  to  lire-stock  quarantine  and  sanitation. 


State. 

Questions  and  answers. 

Are  local  officers  author- 
ized and  empowered  to 
enter  premises   to   in- 
spect live  stock  and 
enforce  quarantine, 
including     counties, 
districts,    farms,    and 
ranches,  and  to  control 
the  movement  of  live 
stock? 

Are  such  officers 
empowered  to 
enforce  such  dis- 
infection of  ani- 
mals and  premises 
as  may  be  nec- 
essary? 

Are  State  offi- 
cials authorized 
to  issue  rules 
and  regulations 
establishing 
and  maintain- 
ing quarantine 
lines? 

May  the  State  con- 
fer authority 
upon  Federal 
representatives 
to  act  as  officials 
of  the  State  in 
such  matters? 

Alabama  

No  live-stock  quti 
Peace  officers  may  enforce 
quarantine   lines    fixed 
by   law   and  by   the 
United  States. 
Yes. 

rantine  or  sanitar 
No 

r  law. 
No  

As  county  officials 
only. 

Not  prevented. 

Yes. 
No. 

No. 
Yes. 

Arkansas 

California  

Impliedly  Yes  

Florida  

No  live-stock  qm 
Yes;  impliedlv  so 

rantine  or  sanitary  law. 
Yes  Yes  

Georgia 

Indian  Territory  .. 
Kentucky  

No  law  toe 
Yes  

3ver  these  matters. 
Yes  Yes  

Louisiana 

Yes;  impliedlv  so  

Yes. 

Yes  

Mississippi.   .   . 

No  live-stock  qu 
No  

inntine  or  sanitan 
No  ." 

*  law. 
No  

Missouri  

North  Carolina 

Yes. 

No 

Yes  

Oklahoma.  . 

Yes  

Yes  . 

Yes  

Yea. 

Not  prevented. 
No. 
Yes. 

South  Carolina  
Tennessee  

No  law  to  c 
Yes  

over  these  matters 
Yes  

Yes  

Texas 

Yes  

Yes.               .... 

Yes  

Yes 

Yes 

The  matter  was  early  taken  up  with  the  proper  officials  in  the 
States  and  Territories  interested,  and  arrangements  were  made  for 
the  Department  to  cooperate  with  them  to  the  extent  that  their 
respective  laws  would  permit.  Under  these  arrangements  the  work 
has  been  done  in  close  cooperation  with  the  local  authorities,  who 
were  permitted  to  designate  the  counties  or  localities  to  be  covered 
and  to  recommend  for  appointment  as  agents  of  the  Bureau  men 
acquainted  with  the  local  conditions  in  the  respective  localities. 

The  territory  in  which  it  was  desired  to  operate  was  divided  into 
five  sections,  as  follows: 

1.  California. 

2.  Texas,  Oklahoma,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana. 

3.  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi. 

4.  Georgia  and  South  Carolina. 

5.  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 

The  work  was  organized  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  passage  of 
the  law,  but  it  was  late  in  July  before  it  could  be  begun  at  all,  and 
even  later  before  it  could  be  taken  up  in  some  sections. 

As  the  conditions  in  the  different  sections  were  widely  divergent, 
the  plans  of  procedure  and  methods  employed  necessarily  varied 
greatly.  In  some  States  meetings  were  held,  at  which  the  subject 
of  tick  eradication  was  discussed  with  farmers,  stockmen,  and  other 


14 


THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 


interested  citizens.  These  meetings  were  intended  to  be  largely 
educational,  but  they  gave  an  opportunity  to  petition  State  authori- 
ties for  relief  and  to  express  preference  for  local  inspectors,  thus 
developing  an  enthusiasm  and  interest  that  can  only  come  from  a 
close  personal  identification  with  an  enterprise  of  this  sort.  In 
some  places  it  was  necessary  to  employ  inspectors  who  could  live 
in  the  saddle  and  wield  a  lasso  like  a  cowboy.  These  men  worked 
in  groups  of  about  a  dozen,  each  group  having  a  cook  and  a  camping 
outfit.  They  covered  their  territory  systematically,  roping  and 
examining  cattle  wherever  found,  and  informing  the  owners  of 
infested  animals  of  the  most  practical  method  of  getting  rid  of  the 
ticks.  It  wras  found  advisable  to  buy  a  carload  of  crude  petroleum 
(in  barrels)  for  use  in  the  treatment  of  infested  animals.  This  oil 
was  distributed  and  used  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  inspect- 
ors of  the  Bureau  in  the  Southeastern  States,  and  was  doubtless  the 
means  of  doing  what  could  have  been  done  in  no  other  way,  as  the 
crude  oil  is  difficult  to  obtain  in  small  quantities  and  at  points  far 
distant  from  its  production. 

The  following  table  shows  by  States  the  number  of  herds  inspected 
(except  in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia),  the  number  of  cattle  in- 
spected, the  number  found  free  of  ticks,  and  the  number  found  to 
be  infested,  a  grand  total  of  548,844  cattle  having  been  inspected : 

Statement  of  inspection  icork  to  October  31,  1906. 


State. 

Inspections. 

Number 
of 
counties. 

Herds. 

Cattle. 

Free. 

Infected. 

Total. 

Alabama 

780 
1,527 
1,015 
4,474 
4,07? 
120 

4 
0,671 
07,517 
10,053 
13,  053 
3,000 
7,203 
97,800 
23,  204 
80,082 
12,217 

5,550 
2,332 
58,889 
0,305 
7,332 
1,430 
1,032 
10,972 
15,840 
99,175 
5,203 

5,554 
9,003 
120,  400 
16,  418 
20,985 
4,430 
8,835 
114,832 
39,044 
185,857 
17,480 

2 
2 
11 
7 
4 
3 
3 
5 
17 
17 
11 

Arkansas  

California  

Georgia 

Kentucky  " 

Missouri  .  . 

North  Carolina  

Oklahoma 

10,589 
G,  317 
410 

Tennessee  b  

Texas  

Virginia  

Total  

29,  315 

32S.004 

220,780 

548,844 

82 

"In  addition,  in  Kentucky  1,390  herds  and  6, 904 cattle  were  reinspected. 
b  In  addition,  In  Tennessee  822  herds  and  4,174  cattle  were  reinspected. 

The  work  is  still  progressing  in  some  States,  but  will  have  to  be 
discontinued  about  December  1  on  account  of  the  lack  of  funds. 

THE    WORK    BY    STATES. 

Following  is  a  resume  of  the  work  done  and  the  results  accom- 
plished in  each  State  to  October  31.  The  outlook  for  next  season's 
operations,  as  expressed  in  recent  reports  from  the  men  in  charge 
of  the  different  sections,  is  also  touched  upon. 


RESUME    OF    COOPERATIVE    WORK,   BY   STATES.  15 

California. — The  work,  covering  the  inspection  of  1,015  herds  con- 
taining 126,406  head  of  cattle,  has  been  done  by  eight  veterinarians 
and  one  agent,  and  was  confined  largely  to  the  counties  below  the 
quarantine  line  from  which  shipments  have  been  permitted  after 
inspection,  viz,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Madera,  Fresno,  Kings,  Tulare, 
Kern,  and  Merced.  Some  work  was  also  done  in  Santa  Barbara 
County.  Herds  known  by  local  authorities  to  be  infested  were  first 
located  and  inspected;  then  herds  adjacent  to  these  were  carefully 
inspected,  the  aim  being  to  locate  and  quarantine  as  quickly  as  possi- 
ble all  infested  herds.  These  are  now  being  disinfected,  and  it  is 
expected  that  with  continued  work  along  the  lines  followed  during 
the  past  few  months  the  counties  of  Merced,  Madera,  Fresno,  Kings, 
Tulare,  and  Kern  may  be  released  from  quarantine  before  the  close 
of  the  present  fiscal  year,  and  that  the  counties  of  Santa  Barbara, 
Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Bernardino  may  be  placed  within  the 
provisionally  quarantined  area.  This  will  be  the  more  easily  and 
more  certainly  accomplished  if,  as  is  hoped  and  expected,  the  next 
legislature  of  California  enacts  a  more  satisfactory  law  and  makes  a 
specific  appropriation  of  funds  to  be  used  in  connection  with  the 
Department  in  tick  eradication  work. 

Texas. — On  account  of  the  lack  of  funds  the  State  authorities  were 
unable  to  employ  men  who  could  give  their  time  to  the  experimental 
work  in  Texas,  but  the  regular  State  inspectors  were  directed  to  co- 
operate with  the  Bureau  to  the  extent  that  their  other  duties  would 
permit.  The  work  was  not  begun  until  the  end  of  August,  but  great 
interest  was  shown  in  some  sections,  one  man — the  manager  of  a 
large  estate— offering  $50,000  on  condition  that  the  work  be  under- 
taken in  his  county  and  with  the  understanding  that  his  cattle  might 
be  given  an  unrestricted  northern  market.  Eleven  Bureau  em- 
ployees were  engaged  in  the  work  in  seventeen  counties,  and  their 
reports  show  the  inspection  of  410  herds  containing  185,857  head  of 
cattle.  The  indications  are  that  by  the  end  of  the  present  fiscal  year 
the  counties  of  Childress,  Hardeman,  Wilbarger,  Cottle,  Foard,  King, 
Stonewall,  Borden,  Howard,  Glasscock,  and  Pecos  will  be  so  free 
from  general  infection  that  they  may  be  removed  from  the  provi- 
sionally quarantined  area. 

Oklahoma.— The  governor  of  Oklahoma  and  the  officers  of  the  live- 
stock sanitary  commission  gave  hearty  support  and  assistance  to 
Bureau  employees  in  that  Territory.  The  laws  are  favorable,  the 
stock  interests  are  large,  and  the  necessity  for  aggressive  work  look- 
ing to  tick  eradication  is  keenly  felt.  A  farm-to-farm  inspection  was 
made,  and  wherever  infested  animals  were  found  the  owner  was 
instructed  as  to  the  best  and  most  practicable  method  of  treating 
the  trouble.  The  plan,  which  was  different  from  that  followed  in 
any  other  section,  was,  briefly  stated,  as  follows: 
22352— No.  97—07 2 


16  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Both  local  and  Federal  inspectors  were  experienced  in  the  saddle 
and  able  to  rope  and  confine  a  suspicious  animal  wherever  found, 
either  on  the  open  ranch  or  in  pastures,  and  make  a  careful  exam- 
ination for  ticks.  These  men  traveled  by  twos  from  ranch  to  ranch, 
locating  all  infected  cattle  and  premises.  At  the  close  of  the  day 
instead  of  returning  to  town  or  even  going  to  a  ranch  house  they 
went  to  their  own  camp,  which  had  been  moved  forward  a  con- 
venient distance  during  the  day.  Twelve  men  and  a  cook  were 
usually  with  a  single  camp  outfit,  and  in  this  way  they  covered  the 
country  in  a  systematic  manner.  They  were  followed  a  few  days 
later  by  an  inspector  whose  business  it  was  to  see  that  the  work  of 
disinfection  was  being  properly  carried  on. 

As  the  laws  provide  that  where  the  owner  refuses  to  accomplish  dis- 
infection the  same  may  be  done  by  the  sheriff,  and  the  cattle  be  sold  to 
cover  the  costs,  it  was  comparatively  easy  to  enlist  cooperation  of 
owners  of  infested  herds.  Seventeen  Bureau  employees  and  a  number 
of  local  inspectors  were  engaged  in  the  work  in  Oklahoma,  and  accom- 
plished the  inspection  of  10,589  herds  containing  114,832  head  of 
cattle;  and  while  but  one  county,  Greer,  is  to  be  at  once  placed  within 
the  provisionally  quarantined  area,  yet  an  immense  amount  of  good 
work  was  done  in  other  counties,  and  it  is  expected  that  by  the  end  of 
the  present  fiscal  year  the  counties  of  Payne,  Logan,  Oklahoma,  Cleve- 
land, and  Canadian  may  be  ready  to  be  released  from  quarantine. 

Missouri  and  Arkansas. — Southwestern  Missouri  and  northwestern 
Arkansas,  lying  contiguous  to  the  infected  area  of  the  Indian  Territory, 
have  themselves  become  infected,  and  some  work  was  done  in  five 
counties  in  that  section.  Three  men  report  the  inspection  of  1,653 
herds  containing  13,433  head  of  cattle. 

Louisiana. — On  July  13,  1906,  a  Bureau  inspector  was  directed  to 
make  a  general  survey  of  the  conditions  with  a  view  to  ascertaining 
what  work  in  the  line  of  tick  eradication  might  be  attempted  in  Louis- 
iana. The  meat-inspection  work  at  New  Orleans  prevented  him 
from  making  the  investigation  until  late  in  September.  He  reports  to 
the  effect  that  whatever  is  done  there  will  have  to  be  done  in  connec- 
tion with  the  crop  pest  commission,  which  at  present  is  not  in  favor  of 
enforcing  the  quarantine  of  infected  live  stock  and  premises.  He 
recommends  the  liberal  distribution  of  literature  for  educational 
purposes,  and  this  is  now  being  done,  2,000  copies  of  Farmers'  Bulletin 
No.  261  having  been  sent  to  the  crop  pest  commission  for  distribution 
at  the  State  fair. 

A  Bureau  inspector  has  been  instructed  to  make  a  thorough  inves- 
tigation of  the  Gulf  country  of  Louisiana,  as  it  has  been  represented 
that  sections  of  it  are  free  from  fever  ticks.  If  the  report  of  his  inves- 
tigation bears  out  the  representations  that  have  been  made,  the  nee- 


RESUME    OF    COOPERATIVE    WORK,   BY    STATES.  17 

essary  steps  will  be  taken  to  permit  the  shipment  of  cattle  from  such 
sections  without  restrictions. 

Representatives  of  the  Bureau  have  recently  attended  a  meeting  of 
the  Association  of  Official  Entomologists  of  the  Cotton  Belt,  at  Baton 
Rouge,  at  which  the  subject  of  tick  eradication  was  discussed.  Since 
their  return  from  that  meeting  one  of  them  states  that, when  the  cattle 
owners  desire,  Louisiana  will  be  an  easy  State  to  clean  up,  as  the  cane 
fields  offer  especial  advantages. 

Tennessee. — Plans  for  a  division  of  the  work  in  Tennessee  were 
agreed  upon  by  a  representative  of  the  Bureau  and  the  State  live-stock 
commissioner,  the  counties  covered  by  the  deputy  State  inspectors  to 
be  finally  investigated  by  Bureau  inspectors  with  a  view  to  their 
exemption  from  quarantine.  Thirteen  Bureau  employees  were 
engaged  in  the  inspection  work,  and  an  additional  man  was  employed, 
who  visited  twenty-two  counties,  conferred  with  county  boards, 
addressed  twenty-four  meetings  on  the  subject  of  tick  eradication, 
and  through  the  county  press  brought  the  subject  to  the  attention 
of  the  general  public. 

The  results  have  been  most  encouraging,  as  according  to  recent 
reports  and  recommendations  the  counties  and  parts  of  counties 
mentioned  below  may  now  be  removed  from  the  quarantined  area: 
The  counties  of  Moore,  Cannon,  and  Cumberland;  about  one-third 
of  each  of  the  counties  of  Haywood,  Fayette,  and  Coffee;  about 
two-thirds  of  each  of  the  counties  of  Madison  and  Jackson;  about 
one-half  of  each  of  the  counties  of  Clay  and  Dekalb,  and  a  small 
portion  of  each  of  the  counties  of  Franklin,  Putnam,  and  Fentress. 
These  sections  are  not  entirety  free  from  ticks,  but  the  infested  ani- 
mals are  few  and  are  controlled  by  the  State  and  county  authorities 
under  agreement  with  the  Bureau,  so  that  their  proper  treatment 
may  be  carried  to  completion  without  danger  of  spreading  the  para- 
sites. Up  to  the  end  of  October,  6,317  herds,  containing  31), 044 
head  of  cattle,  had  been  inspected,  822  herds  of  which,  containing 
4, 174  head  of  cattle,  were  reinspected. 

Kentucky. — For  some  years  past  it  lias  been  necessary  to  include 
within  the  provisionally  quarantined  area  a  few  counties  in  southern 
Kentucky  lying  contiguous  to  some  of  the  infected  counties  of  Ten- 
nessee. The  number  so  included  had  been  reduced  to  two  counties, 
Clinton  and  Wayne;  but  slight  infection  was  also  found  in  two  adjoin- 
ing counties.  The  entire  matter  was  taken  up  with  the  State  board 
of  health,  and  that  body  on  August  1,  1006,  issued  a  proclamation- 
placing  a  quarantine  upon  these  counties  and  conferring  upon  the 
employees  of  this  Bureau  the  authority  of  sanitary  inspectors  of  the 
State  board  of  health.  Under  this  arrangement  the  counties  were 
thoroughly  covered,  with  the  result  that  it  is  now  recommended 


18  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

that  they  be  removed  from  the  provisionally  quarantined  area. 
This  work  was  done  by  seven  Bureau  employees  and  included  the 
inspection  of  4,077  herds  containing  20,985  cattle,  and  the  reinspec- 
tion  of  1,396  herds  containing  6,904  cattle.  Under  agreement  with 
State  and  county  authorities,  the  remaining  infested  animals  and 
premises  will  be  kept  under  quarantine  until  disinfection  is  complete. 

Alabama. — In  Alabama  the  work  was  largely  of  an  educational 
character,  instructing  owners  of  cattle  regarding  the  wrork  of  tick 
eradication  and  methods  of  disinfection.  The  wTork  was  done  by 
three  Bureau  employees  in  two  of  the  northern  counties,  Limestone 
and  Madison,  and  included  the  inspection  of  780  herds  containing 
5,554  head  of  cattle.  The  infection  in  these  counties  is  general,  and 
while  there  is  no  State  law  under  which  effective  wrork  can  be  done, 
the  people  are  so  alive  to  the  situation  and  gave  such  cordial  support 
to  the  work  that  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  permanent  results 
may  be  accomplished  if  the  work  can  be  resumed  early  in  the  spring  of 
1907. 

Georgia. — The  work  in  Georgia  has  been  confined  to  seven  counties 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State,  as  follows:  Stephens,  Haber- 
sham,  White,  Dawson,  Pickens,  Gilmer,  and  Fannin.  It  was  at  first 
largely  educational  and  met  with  the  hearty  approval  and  cordial 
support  of  farmers,  stock  owners,  and  others  interested.  In  addition 
to  the  educational  \vork  the  thirteen  Bureau  employees  engaged 
inspected  4,474  herds  containing  16,418  cattle,  and,  while  the  percent- 
age of  infection  is  very  high  in  some  of  these  counties,  in  three — 
Stephens,  Habersham,  and  White — it  is  so  low,  and  the  work  of  dis- 
infection is  progressing  so  wTell,  that  they  can  probably  be  placed 
within  the  provisionally  quarantined  area  before  the  close  of  the  pres- 
ent fiscal  year.  It  appears  that  a  large  majority  of  the  better  and 
representative  citizens  of  the  counties  covered  have  contributed  their 
support  to  the  work,  and  that  if  work  can  be  resumed  early  in  the 
spring  of  1907  a  number  of  other  counties  may  be  either  added  to  the 
provisionally  quarantined  area  or  entirely  released  from  quarantine. 

North  Carolina. — The  cooperative  work  in  North  Carolina  has  been 
with  the  State  board  of  agriculture,  through  its  veterinarian  and  seven 
inspectors,  the  Bureau  force  averaging  four  inspectors  and  three 
agents.  Meetings  for  the  discussion  of  the  question  of  tick  eradication 
have  been  held,  infested  herds  have  been  located  and  quarantined, 
and  other  preparations  made  that  will  facilitate  an  intelligent  resump- 
tion of  the  work  in  the  early  spring.  The  farm-to-farm  inspection  was 
made  in  three  counties,  and  the  inspection  of  quarantined  farms  was 
made  in  six  other  counties.  The  total  number  of  cattle  inspected  in 
three  counties  wras  8,835,  1,632  of  which  were  infected.  Five  whole 
counties — Polk,  Forsyth,  Davidson,  Cabarrus,  and  Mecklenburg — and 
parts  of  two  other  counties — Rowan  and  McDowell — are  recommended 


RESUME    OF    COOPERATIVE    WORK,   BY    STATES.  19 

for  release  from  quarantine,  and  three  others — Rutherford,  Yadkin, 
and  Cleveland — are  recommended  for  provisional  quarantine. 

Ten  counties  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  and  three  in  the 
southern  part  have  been  agreed  upon  as  working  ground  for  the  next 
season. 

Virginia. — The  cooperation  has  been  between  the  State  board  of 
control  and  its  veterinarian  and  the  county  authorities  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  Bureau  force,  averaging  about  nine  inspectors  and  four 
agents,  on  the  other.  The  working  force  of  the  State  has  been  forty- 
one  local  inspectors,  whose  employment  has  ranged  from  two  wrecks 
to  three  months  each.  The  work  was  confined  largely  to  eleven 
counties,  though  some  inspections  were  made  and  some  educational 
work  was  done  in  five  other  counties  preliminary  to  next  season's 
operations.  The  manner  of  the  inspection  has  been  to  make  a  farm- 
to-farm  canvass  of  the  live  stock,  usually  with  the  local  inspector,  and, 
if  premises  were  infected,  to  ascertain  if  they  were  quarantined, 
and  if  not,  to  report  the  fact  to  the  local  inspectors.  Such  places 
were  thereafter  revisited  periodically  to  see  if  disinfection  was  being 
properly  accomplished,  and  in  most  cases  it  was  found  that  this  was 
being  done.  The  number  of  cattle,  inspected  was  17,480,  of  which 
5,263  were  infested,  many  of  them  being  reinspected  one  or  more 
times. 

As  a  direct  result  of  the  season's  work  in  Virginia,  ten  counties — 
Franklin,  Campbell,  Appomattox,  Buckingham,  Prince  Edward, 
Amelia,  Nottoway,  Powhatan,  and  Mathews — with  an  area  of  4,445 
square  miles,  are  to  be  released  from  quarantine  on  December  1,  and 
two  other  counties  may  be  placed  within  the  provisionally  quaran- 
tined area.  There  are  some  infested  herds  in  the  ten  counties  referred 
to,  but  they  are  quarantined,  and  under  agreement  with  the  respec- 
tive county  boards  of  supervisors  they  are  to  remain  in  quarantine 
until  released  by  written  order  of  the  State  veterinarian  approved 
by  the  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

If  the  work  outlined  for  next  year  is  accomplished,  as  may  be  rea- 
sonably expected,  but  nine  counties  will  remain  in  the  quarantined 
area  of  Virginia. 

SUMMARY. 

In  considering  the  work  done  and  the  results  attained  thus  far,  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  season  was  well  advanced  before  the 
law  was  passed,  and  that,  although  some  steps  were  taken  in  anticipa- 
tion of  its  passage,  the  actual  plans  and  organization  for  the  work 
were  late  in  formation.  It  should  also  be  remembered  that  the 
amount  appropriated  was  only  intended  to  be  used  to  inaugurate  the 
work,  and  yet,  as  set  forth  above,  employees  of  this  Bureau  have 
inspected  548,844  head  of  cattle,  and  have,  in  connection  with  local 


20  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE   TICK. 

authorities,  so  attended  to  their  disinfection  and  to  the  supervision 
thereof  that  forty-five  whole  counties,  and  parts  of  thirteen  other 
counties,  with  an  area  of  almost  50,000  square  miles,  will  probably  be 
released  from  quarantine  before  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year.  This  is  an 
area  larger  than  that  of  the  entire  State  of  Virginia.  Plans  are 
laid  and  specific  work  is  outlined  for  resumption  in  the  early  spring. 
The  State  officers,  cattle  owners,  and  others  affected  are  intensely 
interested ;  the  educational  work  will  be  carried  on,  and  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  with  proper  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  Depart- 
ment next  season  large  inroads  may  be  made  into  the  territory  now 
quarantined,  and  hundreds  of  thousands  of  cattle  be  given  an  unre- 
stricted market,  thus  giving  direct  results  to  an  immense  number  of 
people.  This  will  stimulate  interest  in  those  States  in  which  active 
interest  is  now  lacking,  and  will  doubtless  result  in  a  more  general 
movement  against  the  cattle  tick. 

If  the  Congress  at  its  next  session  will  appropriate  $250,000  for 
extending  these  operations,  and  will  continue  to  sustain  them  ade- 
quately, and  if  the  States  interested  will  do  their  part  in  the  way  of 
enacting  favorable  laws  and  appropriating  money  to  be  used  in  this 
cooperative  work,  it  is  only  a  question  of  time  when  the  southern 
cattle  tick  in  this  country  will  be  a  thing  of  the  past. 

DISINFECTION  OF  CATTLE  AND  PREMISES. 

By  H.  A.  MORGAN, 
Director  Tennessee  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN:  I  will  talk  on  just  one  phase  of 
this  question  of  disinfection — that  associated  with  the  knowledge  of 
the  life  history  of  the  tick. 

It  appears  to  me  that  we  have  three  distinct  tick  areas  or  zones  in 
the  infected  district  of  this  country,  based  on  temperature  conditions. 
I  believe  that  the  crop  rotation  system  of  Tennessee  will  furnish  an 
easy  method  of  tick  eradication  upon  absolutely  natural  lines.  I  was 
not  familiar  with  the  conditions  existing  in  this  northern  territory 
until  I  came  to  Tennessee,  and  I  had  foremost  in  my  mind  those  condi- 
tions which  exist  in  Louisiana.  We  have  a  condition  in  Tennessee 
where  the  cattle  pretty  generally  are  free  of  ticks  during  the  winter 
time.  Now,  associate  that  with  the  crop  rotation  system  that  is 
common  in  this  State,  and  which  is  very  similar  to  that  in  northern 
States.  It  takes  in  the  hay  crop.  A  farmer  has  a  field  of  meadow 
from  which  he  takes  off  a  hay  crop,  and  he  can  be  careful  to  keep  that 
field  free  of  cattle  for  that  season.  When  the  winter  time  comes  his 
cattle  will  become  clean  for  the  next  spring.  The  same  condition 
exists  on  down  through  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi,  and  to  a 
limited  extent  in  Louisiana,  and  hi  Texas.  But  a  difference  exists  in 


DISINFECTION   OF   CATTLE    AND   PREMISES.  21 

Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi,  because  they  have  different  sys- 
tems of  cropping.  In  this  northern  zone  where  we  have  the  cattle 
tick  off  of  the  cattle  during  the  winter  time  we  have  a  tremendous 
advantage  in  that  we  do  not  have  to  disinfect  the  cattle.  In  Tennes- 
see we  have  conditions  that  will  permit  easy  eradication.  Where  we 
follow  the  rotation  of  the  farmer,  we  drop  into  his  methods.  But 
when  we  get  to  Alabama  and  Georgia,  where  the  hay  crop  does  not 
exist  and  the  pasture  does  not  exist,  the  problem  is  a  different  one. 
Farther  down,  where  we  can  look  upon  the  tick  as  infesting  cattle 
throughout  the  year,  the  problem  of  disinfection  is  an  entirely  differ- 
ent one.  I  believe  that  while  the  progress  may  be  exceedingly  rapid 
in  this  northern  area,  we  are  going  to  have  more  difficulty  farther 
south.  It  is  a  question  there  of  introducing  winter  crops  for  pasturage. 
What  shall  we  do  ?  There  is  no  more  available  crop  in  that  southern 
tier  of  infected  States  than  oats.  And  I  believe  that  the  use  of  the  oat 
crop  in  itself  means  tick  eradication.  The  majority  of  the  cattle  are  not 
under  cover  in  winter,  so  we  can  turn  them  into  the  cornfield  and  the 
cotton  field  until  they  drop  the  ticks,  then  turn  them  on  the  oat  field 
that  will  maintain  them  up  to  June.  I  believe  that  in  this  plan  we 
have  the  line  of  least  resistance  in  that  territory. 

Hence,  to  sum  up,  following  the  line  of  least  resistance  to  the  farmer, 
we  have  two  distinct  conditions — one  in  Tennessee,  where  we  have  no 
ticks  on  the  cattle  during  the  winter  months,  and  another  farther 
south. 

DISCUSSION. 

Doctor  GARY.  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  traveling  through 
Alabama  for  fifteen  years,  and  have  familiarized  myself  rather  thor- 
oughly with  this  rotation  business.  We  have  a  problem  there  that  is 
difficult,  yet  it  is  not  out  of  reach  of  the  practical  farmer.  We  not 
only  have  this  oat  crop  for  winter  and  spring,  but  we  have  also  the 
rye  crop,  sometimes  the  wheat  crop,  and  sometimes  the  vetch  crop 
in  winter,  and  these  afford  good  pasturage  for  spring  and  late  winter 
and  really  bridge  over  that  season,  which  is  a  great  help  to  a  system 
of  rotation  for  the  eradication  of  ticks. 

Professor  MORGAN.  I  am  very  much  interested  in  this  point.  I 
should  like  to  know  if  it  is  true  that  cattle  are  really  freed  of  ticks 
naturally  in  the  winter,  and  how  far  south  that  extends.  I  think  that 
sometimes  it  extends  to  middle  Alabama.  Last  winter  was  a  very  open 
winter,  and  ticks  were  on  cattle  up  above  the  middle  of  Alabama  and 
stayed  on  them  all  winter;  but  usually  they  are  off  down  through 
middle  Alabama  for  periods  of  one  to  two  months. 

Doctor  DAWSOX.  We  have  ticks  with  us  in  Florida  the  year  round. 
We  have  plenty  of  ticks  on  cattle  in  the  winter  time,  but  they  are 
very  much  less  virulent,  and  young  animals  have  been  brought  to 


22  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Florida  with  comparative  safety.  Just  about  this  time  (December) 
is  the  time  to  bring  animals  in.  Florida  has  done  nothing  at  all 
toward  tick  eradication.  This  is  the  first  recognition  our  State  has 
taken  of  the  tick  question.  I  have  no  doubt  that,  when  other  States 
show  what  is  being  done,  Florida  will  also  get  to  work  and  free  our 
cattle  from  the  bad  name  which  they  have  had.  We  do  not  have 
any  reason  to  send  cattle  north,  but  after  a  while  when  the  Cuban 
market  drops  out  we  have  got  to  get  into  the  raising  of  better  cattle, 
and  then  will  come  up  the  question  of  eradication  in  Florida. 

Mr.  KITTRELL.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  indorse  what  the  doctor  said  in 
regard  to  Florida.  I  have  demonstrated  what  he  has  stated.  I 
shipped  a  carload  of  cattle  to  Tallahassee,  Fla.  They  were  grown 
cattle,  milch  cows,  breeding  cattle,  and  I  shipped  them  in  the  winter; 
but  early  in  the  spring, even  before  May,  they  had  died  with  "murrain," 
as  they  call  it.  We  did  not  know  what  killed  them.  I  received  another 
order  for  a  few  cows  and  sent  them,  and  they  also  died.  The  son  of 
one  of  the  farmers  then  came  up,  and  I  sold  him  sixteen  calves,  four 
or  five  months  old,  and  they  were  shipped  down  in  December  and  all 
lived.  That  does  show  that  the  ticks  are  less  virulent  in  Florida 
during  the  winter  than  in  the  summer.  By  summer  time  the  cattle 
had  become  somewhat  immune,  and  that  enabled  them  to  resist  the 
tick. 

Doctor  KLEIN.  In  regard  to  South  Carolina,  we  must  figure  on  the 
tick  living  all  the  ye&r  round.  In  applying  the  rotation  system  of 
pasturage  to  South  Carolina,  including  the  use  of  the  cultivated  field, 
we  meet  there  with  a  difficulty  that  is  well-nigh  insurmountable,  arid 
that  is  that  the  cultivated  fields  of  South  Carolina  are  not  fenced. 
You  can  readily  see  the  difficulty  of  using  the  rotation  system  there. 
It  will  be  necessary  to  talk  to  the  farmers  and  have  them  put  up 
fences  in  order  to  get  rid  of  the  tick.  They  regard  the  fence  as  a 
great  inconvenience.  It  takes  up  room  and  reduces  the  area  of  the 
land  that  they  can  put  under  cultivation. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  How  about  the  timber? 

Doctor  KLEIN.  They  have  not  much  timber.  I  may  say  that  in 
South  Carolina  I  have  found  that  the  most  practical  method  of  disin- 
fecting cattle  and  farms  is  by  the  use  of  crude  Beaumont  oil.  Begin 
in  the  fall  and  apply  the  oil ;  let  the  cattle  use  regular  pasturage  and  go 
about  as  usual;  but  apply  the  oil  every  time  the  ticks  appear. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  How  often? 

Doctor  KLEIN.  The  first  application  should  be  made  about  the 
15th  of  September.  It  may  have  to  be  applied  again  once  before 
Christmas,  and  then,  perhaps,  once  or  twice  in  the  spring.  There  is 
one  farm  that  T  cleaned  up  by  the  use  of  Beaumont  oil  with  three 
applications,  and  did  not  begin  until  the  spring.  There  is  another 
farm  on  which  I  did  not  begin  until  the  spring  and  which  I  cleaned  up 


DISINFECTION    OF    CATTLE    AND    PREMISES.  23 

with  four  applications.  I  wish  to  point  out  another  thing  in  regard  to 
the  use  of  crude  Beaumont  oil — it  is  the  cheapest  substance  that  the 
cattlemen  can  buy  to  disinfect  cattle.  The  price  depends  entirely 
upon  the  quantity  bought.  If  bought  in  barrel  lots  it  will  cost  about 
6  cents  a  gallon,  or  $3  a  barrel.  The  freight  by  rail  from  Port  Arthur, 
Tex.,  amounts  to  about  $4  by  the  barrel.  That  makes  about  $7  a 
barrel  for  this  oil.  That  is  cheaper  than  a  man  can  get  crude  cotton- 
seed oil,  and  this  Beaumont  oil  has  an  advantage  over  all  others  in 
this,  that  it  remains  on  the  cattle  longer;  its  effects  are  more  lasting 
than  those  of  any  other  substance  that  I  have  ever  seen  put  upon 
cattle.  The  lasting  effect  will  be  much  greater  if  the  oil  is  used  in  the 
fall  and  spring  than  if  it  is  used  in  the  summer.  In  the  hot  weather 
of  summer  time  the  effect  is  not  so  lasting  as  in  the  winter. 

Professor  MORGAN.  What  effect  has  this  treatment  on  the  cattle 
of  South  Carolina  ? 

Doctor  KLEIN.  Practically  no  bad  effect.  I  have  used  it  on  cattle 
in  South  Carolina  in  August. 

Doctor  GARY.  Does  it  increase  the  temperature  ? 

Doctor  KLEIN.  Not  perceptibly.  Nearly  all  our  pastures  have  a 
little  timber,  and  after  the  oil  was  applied  the  cattle  kept  to  the  tim- 
ber— hunted  the  shade.  Only  two  showed  any  injurious  effects  what- 
ever, and  they  merely  showed  a  very  slight  irritation  of  the  skin — 
nothing  that  lasted  more  than  one  or  two  days.  The  greatest  objec- 
tion that  I  ever  heard  against  the  oil  is  the  odor.  The  negroes 
objected  to  it,  probably  on  account  of  its  being  an  odor  they  are  not 
familiar  with.  They  would  not  milk  a  cow  properly  after  she  had 
been  treated  with  this  oil,  and  I  have  had  several  cattle  owners  com- 
plain that  it  reduced  the  quantity  of  milk.  But  if  a  cow  is  properly 
milked  she  will  show  no  great  decrease.  There  may  be  a  little  de- 
crease, but  no  more  than  would  occur  from  putting  a  cow  in  a  strange 
barn. 

Doctor  LUCKEY.  I  believe  that  the  oiling  of  the  cattle  with  Beau- 
mont oil  or  any  ot^ier  kind  of  oil  will  be  the  principal  method  of  getting 
rid  of  ticks.  In  districts  farther  south  I  think  it  will  be  found  almost 
impossible  to  move  cattle  from  pasture  to  pasture  without  their  pick- 
ing up  infection  as  they  travel  about.  But  if  they  are  oiled  with  any 
sort  of  oil,  the  ticks  can  not  possibly  get  on  them.  I  know  we  can  get 
very  good  results  by  oiling  cattle.  Six  years  ago  we  had  eight  counties 
rather  badly  infested  with  fever  ticks.  In  1904  there  was  scarcely  an 
animal  with  fever  ticks.  We  have  accomplished  the  result  by  quar- 
antining all  the  cattle  that  were  infested  with  ticks  and  requiring 
them  to  be  oiled  by  hand.  We  usually  used  West  Virginia  black 
oil — it  was  not  so  irritating  as  Beaumont  oil.  We  commenced  plac- 
ing infested  cattle  in  quarantine  in  dry  lots,  where  \ve  could  lindihe 
space  to  place  them,  until  they  were  disinfected  by  thorough  hand 


24  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

dressing,  which  was  done  by  pouring  oil  out  of  a  bottle  and  hand 
dressing.  We  had  200  head  disinfected  in  this  way;  and  if  later  on 
they  were  inspected  and  found  free,  they  were  released,  but  if  not 
free  they  were  oiled  again  and  placed  in  another  pasture.  We  think 
those  pastures  will  all  be  free  from  ticks  in  the  spring.  It  was  impos- 
sible to  quarantine  the  outlying  range,  but  we  forbade  the  return  of 
any  disinfected  cattle  to  the  range.  We  depend  on  the  use  of  some 
sort  of  oil.  Leave  cattle  right  on  the  ticky  pastures  and  thoroughly 
oil  them  with  lard  or  cotton-seed  oil  four  times  during  the  summer, 
and  the  ticks  on  that  pasture  will,  in  all  probability,  be  gone  by  fall. 
Where  rotation  of  pastures  is  impossible,  this  method  is  very  impor- 
tant. 

Doctor  PARKER.  In  Texas  as  far.  north  as  the  Red  River — the 
extreme  north  of  infection — I  do  not  believe  there  is  any  season  of 
the  year  that  cattle  on  infected  pastures  will  be  free  from  ticks.  I 
know  in  the  winter  time  they  are  passed  by  inspectors,  as  they  stand 
ordinary  inspection,  but  this  does  not  mean  finding  every  tick  on 
them.  I  doubt  if  in  Hardeman  County  there  is  any  time  during  the 
winter  that  ticks  could  not  be  found,  if  the  pastures  were  pretty  well 
infested.  In  fact,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  most  of  the 
ticks  in  northern  Texas  live  during  a  large  part  of  the  winter  on  the 
cattle  and  not  on  the  ground.  This  year  we  have  had  a  very  severe 
winter  so  far.  On  the  22d  of  November  the  temperature  had  gone 
down  to  about  5°  above  zero  for  four  days.  That  is  sufficient  to  get 
rid  of  all  the  large  ticks  on  the  ground,  and  on  a  pasture  where  the 
cattle  had  been  freed  of  ticks  by  dipping,  say,  two  or  three  weeks 
before  that,  there  is  very  little  probability  of  there  being  mature 
ticks  on  the  ground.  Only  the  eggs  or  larvae  would  remain.  Yet  I 
tliink  ticks  will  go  through  the  winter  unless  the  cattle  are  thoroughly 
dipped.  The  method  we  are  pursuing  there  is  first  to  free  the  cattle 
of  ticks,  if  it  is  a  small  herd,  by  the  application  of  Beaumont  oil. 
About  this  time,  when  the  wheat  grows  up  enough  to  be  pastured, 
run  the  cattle  on  that  through  the  winter;  the  winter  will  have  dis- 
posed of  the  infection  of  the  cattle. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  I  am  here  representing  the  State  of  Virginia,  in 
which  the  State  veterinarian  says  that  he  would  not  use  oil ;  he  thinks 
that  ariotner  way  is  better.  The  people  themselves  apply  the  oil 
insufficiently  and  indifferently  and  thus  protract  the  work  through  one 
or  two  years.  The  State  veterinarian  does  not  doubt  that  farms  may 
be  readily  cleaned  by  the  careful  use  of  oil.  The  farmers  need  to  be 
taught  how  to  take  care  of  cows.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  majority  of 
southern  planters  do  not  love  the  cow;  they  do  not  usually  have  dairy 
cows  or  beef  animals  of  the  right  type. 

I  have  read  somewhere — I  am  not  speaking  for  the  Bureau  now — 
that  experimental  farms  are  to  be  started  in  the  South;  and  I  think 


DISINFECTION    OF    CATTLE    AND   PBEMISES.  25 

that  in  certain  localities  the  Bureau  could  do  no  better  than  to  buy 
wire  fences,  fence  up  inclosures,  produce  grass,  and  disinfect  the  cattle 
in  that  way.  The  fences  would  be  much  cheaper  than  the  continual 
reinspection.  Where  the  Virginia  farmers  hire  pastures,  they  have 
applied  oil  with  some  success.  Eradication  will  lie  between  the  use  of 
fences  and  oil. 

Doctor  XIGHBERT.  In  visiting  farms  infested  with  ticks  the  greatest 
trouble  I  find  is  to  get  the  cattle  well  greased  when  we  give  instructions 
to  grease  them.  In  nearly  every  instance  the  owner  of  a  cow  will 
begin  at  the  wrong  end.  He  always  begins  his  work  where  he  sees 
ticks — on  the  hind  legs  and  on  the  flanks — while  he  should  begin  at  the 
front  end.  I  have  never  seen  a  cow's  tail  greased  yet;  and  who  has 
not  seen  a  number  of  ticks  on  the  tail  ?  This  is  a  very  important  mem- 
ber of  the  cow's  body.  The  ticks  get  on  it  when  the  cow  lies  on  the 
ground.  I  have  never  seen  a  cow  well  greased  when  it  was  left  to  the 
farmer.  It  will  be  necessary  for  the  inspector  to  supervise,  if  the  dis- 
infection is  to  be  carried  on  by  greasing. 

Professor  NEWELL.  We  in  Louisiana  are  not  inclined  to  favor  the 
use  of  oil  very  much,  or  at  least  not  as  one  of  the  principal  means  for 
eradicating  ticks.  Louisiana  is  the  hotbed  of  the  tick  in  the  South. 
Those  of  our  cattlemen  who  have  used  oils  not  only  have  injured  their 
cattle  but  have  failed  to  clear  off  the  ticks.  Not  long  ago  I  saw  a 
bunch  of  cattle  dipped,  but  all  the  ticks  were  not  eradicated.  If  you 
put  these  cattle  on  pasture  I  do  not  think  you  can  ever  get  rid  of  the 
ticks  on  the  pasture.  If  you  do,  it  will  not  be  for  a  long  period  of  time. 
In  Louisiana  we  expect  to  depend  on  starving  out  the  tick,  ridding 
the  cattle  of  ticks  by  rotation  systems  which  work  with  mathematical 
certainty.  When  you  come  to  grease  an  animal  you  will  find  that 
there  are  a  great  many  things  to  consider.  If  it  happens  to  be  a 
Texas  steer  I  know  the  animal  will  not  be  properly  greased.  There 
is  not  one  animal  out  of  fifty  in  Louisiana  that  you  can  grease  thor- 
oughly by  any  hand  method.  In  Louisiana  we  have  free  range  to 
contend  with  everywhere,  and  at  the  same  time  we  have  a  much 
heavier  tick  infestation.  This  furnishes  an  incentive  for  a  man  to 
fence  his  own  property,  because,  on  account  of  the  loss  by  the  para- 
sitism of  the  ticks,  a  man  is  perfectly  willing  to  put  up  the  fences 
when  he  learns  that  in  this  way  he  can  get  rid  of  the  enemy. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  I  recommend  the  Oklahoma  system,  and  when  it 
comes  to  greasing,  we  grease  the  animals.  We  rope  the  steer  and 
throw  him,  and  grease  one  side,  and  then  turn  him  over  and  grease 
the  other.  You  can  not  grease  a  steer  by  letting  him  stand  up  or  In- 
putting him  in  a  chute.  When  you  throw  him  you  can  grease  him  well. 

Professor  WlLLOUOHBY.  How  many  a  day  can  you  grease  that  way? 

Mr.  MORRIS.  Well,  we  grease  a  lot  ol  them. 


26  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Doctor  KEANE.  A  remark  made  by  the  original  speaker  on  this  sub- 
ject— Professor  Morgan — about  working  along  the  line  of  least  resist? 
ance  appealed  to  me  very  much.  You  can  not  eradicate  ticks  by  any 
general  method.  I  have  had  considerable  experience  in  California. 
You  have  got  to  treat  infected  ranches  according  to  the  conditions 
which  exist  there.  You  may  find  a  little  dairy  herd  where  the  ticks 
can  be  picked  off.  Then  you  may  go  to  a  large  ranch  where  you  have 
a  different  class  of  cattle  which  should  be  thoroughly  dipped,  as  this 
is  the  only  way  you  can  reach  all  the  ticks.  In  California  we  have  a 
great  many  dipping  plants.  In  one  county  we  have  about  40.  We 
may  select  a  point  where  we  have  considerable  infection  in  a  district 
and  either  establish  a  private  dipping  plant  or  get  the  county  to  put 
in  a  dipping  plant.  Then  we  can  have  these  infected  cattle  dipped  all 
in  one  day.  We  have  what  we  call  collective  dipping.  We  inspect 
these  cattle  right  along,  at  intervals  of  about  three  to  five  weeks,  and 
before  the  ticks  are  large  enough  to  drop  off  we  dip  again.  We  aim 
to  prevent  the  large  females  from  dropping  off  and  laying  their  eggs. 
It  is  only  a  matter  of  time  when  the  ticks  will  be  eliminated  abso- 
lutely. But  you  have  got  to  be  there  and  watch  the  dipping  and  see 
that  it  is  done  effectively  and  thoroughly.  If  not,  there  is  always 
the  possibility  of  some  of  the  ticks  escaping,  thereby  setting  back 
the  work.  The  rotation  methods  and  taking  cattle  off  of  infected 
ranges  for  a  year  is  the  most  practical  wTay  of  eradicating  ticks.  We 
have  cleaned  up  many  ranches  by  that  method,  and  we  have  cleaned 
them  up  by  dipping.  We  force  people  to  do  the  work  in  California. 
In  regard  to  fences,  we  make  the  owners  fence  up  the  ticky  cattle, 
and  if  they  break  out  we  prosecute  them;  and  we  have  made  it  stick 
in  every  case  that  we  have  prosecuted. 

We  have  a  quarantine  law  and  a  law  for  entering  premises.  It  does 
not  give  the  power  to  disinfect  animals,  but  we  can  prohibit  these 
cattle  from  being  taken  out.  Where  a  man  finds  he  can  not  take  his 
cattle  out  of  his  ranch,  he  will  do  anything  you  ask  him  to  do.  This 
coming  winter  we  are  going  to  prohibit  them  from  taking  beef  cattle 
out,  and,  unless  they  show  a  disposition  to  help  us,  we  are  going  to 
prohibit  the  railroads  from  receiving  the  cattle  for  shipment. 

Mr.  KITTRELL.  What  is  the  extreme  limit  of  the  life  of  ticks  without 
a  host  ? 

Doctor  KEANE.  We  usually  figure  on  keeping  the  seed  tick  off  the 
cattle  for  eight  months,  but  I  have  kept  ticks  experimentally,  and  I 
have  never  seen  them  live  over  three  months. 

I  believe  in  keeping  the  cattle  off  an  entire  year.  There  are  other 
points  in  tick  work.  I  have  in  mind  one  large  ranch,  comprising 
some  hundred  thousand  acres,  and  the  infected  pasture  comprises 
about  25,000  to  30,000  acres.  We  removed  all  the  cattle,  intending 
to  keep  them  off  until  this  coming  January  or  February.  They  will 


DISINFECTION    OF    CATTLE    AND    PREMISES.  27 

feed  on  stubble,  and  thus  \ve  will  keep  the  cattle  off  this  infected  pas- 
ture about  eleven  months.  In  California  we  also  have  districts 
where  the  ticks  will  live  upon  the  cattle  the  whole  year  round,  and 
other  districts  where  they  drop  off. 

Another  thing  we  have  been  doing  in  California  is  to  have  prac- 
tically everything  arranged  under  an  absolute  quarantine.  We 
enforce  it,  too,  and  the  Government  officials  have  been  of  great  assist- 
ance to  us  in  maintaining  these  quarantines.  But  the  first  thing  to 
do  in  the  eradication  of  ticks  is  to  educate  the  people  to  the  necessity 
of  it,  and  then  force  them  to  clean  up,  and  if  you  have  not  adequate 
laws  you  ought  to  get  them. 

Professor  NEWELL.  What  is  the  average  cost  of  dipping? 

Doctor  KEANE.  In  California  we  use  a  float  dip.  We  use  water 
with  about  an  inch  of  oil  on  top,  and  we  can  dip  cattle  for  about  4  or  5 
cents  a  head. 

Professor  NEWELL.  What  does  the  oil  cost  for  dipping? 

Doctor  KEANE.  From  60  cents  to  $1  per  barrel. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  We  have  found  a  spray  pump  effective  in  applying 
oil  in  my  district — in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 

Professor  MORGAN.  I  believe  that  after  we  have  gotten  together  and 
talked  over  the  general  situation,  and  have  mapped  out  distinct  areas 
that  may  be  different  from  other  areas,  we  ought  to  have  tests  made 
of  these  various  methods  in  connection  with  the  conditions  to  which 
they  are  applicable.  In  my  own  case,  for  instance,  we  tried  dipping; 
we  tried  washing;  and  when  we  struck  the  Beaumont  oil  and  found 
that  it  made  the  temperature  of  the  cattle  go  up  wo  quit  it.  It 
almost  meant  the  destruction  of  the  animal,  with  a  temperature  of  100 
and  such  humidity  as  we  have  there.  Hence,  when  we  developed 
this  rotation  method,  it  naturally  appealed  to  most  of  us,  and  I  con- 
cluded that  it  was  applicable  to  the  entire  area.  Coming  to  Tennes- 
see, I  found  a  different  condition,  and  I  think  we  are  all  broad  enough 
to  adopt  the  method  that  means  tick  eradication  for  the  particular  area 
in  the  easiest  way.  And  I  believe  we  should  have  definite  experi- 
ments carried  out  in  particular  areas,  if  we  can  have  this  done  through 
the  Bureau. 

Professor  NEWELL.  I  think  Professor  Morgan  has  put  his  finger  on 
the  vital  spot.  We  have  got  to  study  the  conditions  that  we  have  to 
deal  with  in  the  different  States;  the  remedy  applicable  in  one 
will  not  be  applicable  in  another.  The  gentleman  from  California 
[Doctor  Keane]  mentioned  that  the  extreme  life  limit  of  the  seed 
tick  was  about  three  months.  Mr.  Dougherty  has  said  that  seed  ticks 
live  for  one  hundred  and  seventy-four  days.  If  you  include  the  time 
required  for  the  hatching  of  the  egg  after  it  has  been  dropped  by  the 
female,  I  figure  that  you  have  to  add  about  twenty-five  days,  making 
a  total  of  two  hundred  days.  This  is  a  striking  instance  of  the  differ- 
ence between  these  different  places. 


28  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

THE  LEGAL,  SIDE  OF  THE  TICK-ERADICATION  PROBLEM. 

By  GEORGE  P.  MC('AHE,  Esq., 
Solicitor,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN:  The  organic  act  of  the  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry  provides  that,  whenever  the  plans  and  methods 
of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  be  accepted  by  any  State  or 
Territory  in  which  pleuro-pneumonia  or  other  contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease  exists,  or  when  such  State  or  Territory  shall  have 
adopted  plans  and  methods  for  the  suppression  and  extirpation  of  such 
a  disease,  and  such  plans  and  methods  shall  be  accepted  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  Agriculture,  and  whenever  the  governor  or  other  properly 
constituted  authorities  signify  their  readiness  to  cooperate  for  the 
extirpation  of  any  contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  disease, 
then  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  authorized  to  expend  Federal 
appropriations  in  that  State  or  Territory  on  investigations  of  the 
disease  and  on  such  disinfection  and  quarantine  measures  as  may 
be  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease  from  one  State  or 
Territory  into  another. 

When  the  Department  determined  to  take  up  the  problem  of 
tick  eradication  it  was  confronted  with  several  vital  legal  and  admin- 
istrative questions.  Under  our  form  of  government  the  eradication 
and  control  of  diseases  of  live  stock  within  a  State  are  entirely  within 
the  police  power  of  the  State  and  are  not  subject  to  regulation  by 
the  Federal  Government,  except  as  may  be  necessary  and  incidental 
to  the  regulation  of  interstate  commerce.  It  seemed  that  if  the 
Department  desired  to  expend  a  Federal  appropriation  on  the  work, 
and  to  use  the  organization  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  to 
help  the  States,  it  would  be  necessary  that  the  inspectors  and  em- 
ployees of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  should  have  legal  authority 
to  enforce  such  needful  quarantine  and  disinfection  regulations  as 
might  be  agreed  upon  by  the  Department  and  the  State.  Moral 
suasion  will  sometimes  accomplish  wonders.  For  the  general  welfare 
of  the  community  self-sacrificing  citizens  will  often  voluntarily  subject 
themselves  to  loss  and  damage,  but,  as  a  general  proposition,  when 
it  is  desired  to  restrict  citizens  in  the  disposition  and  use  of  their 
property,  a  warrant  for  such  action  must  be  found  on  the  statute 
books.  Otherwise  some  obstreperous  individual  will  kick  over  the 
traces  and  undo  all  the  good  that  has  been  accomplished  by  the  for- 
bearance of  his  neighbors.  Therefore,  an  examination  was  made  of 
the  statutes  of  the  several  States  to  ascertain  the  following  points: 

1.  Are  local  officers  authorized  and  empowered  to  enter  premises 
to  inspect  live  stock,  to  enforce  the  quarantine  of  counties,  districts, 
farms,  and  ranches,  and  to  control  the  movement  of  live  stock  there- 
from ? 


THE    LEGAL    SIDE    OF   TICK    ERADICATION.  29 

2.  Are  local  officers  empowered  to  enforce  such    disinfection    of 
animals  and  premises  as  may  be  necessary? 

3.  Are  State  officers   authorized    to    issue   rules    and   regulations 
establishing  and  maintaining  quarantine  lines? 

4.  May  States  confer  authority  upon  Federal  employees  to    act 
as  officers  of  the  State,  to  enter  premises  to  inspect  live  stock,  to 
enforce  quarantine  of  counties,  districts,  farms,  and  ranches,  and 
to  control  the  movement  of  live  stock  therefrom,  and  to  enforce 
such  disinfection  of  animals  and  premises  as  may  be  agreed  upon 
as  necessary  by  the  State  authorities  and  the  Department  ? 

The  search  of  the  statutes  disclosed  several  interesting  facts. 
Four  important  southern  States  and  one  Territory  had  no  statutes 
to  cover  these  matters.  Several  others  were  prevented  by  the  terms 
of  the  constitution  from  allowing  any  Federal  employee  to  act  in 
any  capacity  as  an  employee  of  the  State.  Other  States  were  pro- 
vided with  adequate  laws  but  no  effective  organization,  while  a  few 
States  had  good  laws  and  good  administrative  organizations. 

I  will  not  take  up  the  time  of  this  meeting  by  giving  in  detail  the 
laws  of  the  various  States  upon  which  the  conclusions  of  the  Depart- 
ment were  based.  In  each  case  the  conclusions  were  submitted  to 
the  Attorney-General  of  the  State,  and  replies  were  received  from  a 
majority  of  those  officials.  I  have  the  references  to  these  laws  and 
will  be  glad  to  discuss  the  matter  individually  with  any  of  you.  It 
may  not  be  amiss,  however,  to  state  the  general  results  of  the 
examination. 

At  the  time  the  examination  was  made,  so  far  as  could  be  learned, 
Alabama,  Florida,  Indian  Territory,  Mississippi,  and  South  Caro- 
lina had  no  laws  covering  the  subject. 

In  Arkansas  the  peace  officers  can  enforce  only  such  quarantine 
lines  as  are  fixed  by  the  State  law  or  by  the  United  States,  and  State 
officers  can  not  issue  rules  and  regulations  establishing  and  main- 
taining quarantine  lines,  nor  can  they  enforce  the  necessary  disinfec- 
tion of  animals  and  premises. 

In  California  local  officers  are  authorized  and  empowered  to  enter 
promises,  to  inspect  live  stock,  and  (o  enforce  quarantine,  and  are 
Lmpliedly  authorized  to  enforce  disinfection  of  animals  and  premises. 
They  are  also  authorized  to  issue  rules  and  regulations  establishing 
and  maintaining  quarantine  lines;  but  the  State  can  hot  confer 
authority  upon  Federal  representatives  to  act  as  officials  of  the  Sfate. 

In  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Oklahoma,  Tennessee,  and  Virginia  the  local 
officers  possess  all  the  authority  necessary,  and  the  State  can  confer 
necessary  authority  upon  Government  inspectors. 

The  law  of  North  Carolina  seems  to  be  sufficient,  with  the  exception 
that  local  officers  are  not  empowered  to  enforce  such  disinfection  of 
animals  and  premises  as  may  be  necessary. 


30  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

While  Missouri  has  laws  on  the  subject,  it  is  probable  that  local 
officers  do  not  possess,  in  any  particular,  the  necessary  authority  to 
carry  on  effective  tick-eradication  work.  Missouri  may  not  confer 
authority  upon  Federal  representatives  to  act  as  officials  of  the  State 
in  such  matters. 

In  Texas  the  local  authorities  possess  sufficient  power,  bat  by  con- 
stitutional amendment  it  is  forbidden  to  confer  authority  upon  Fed- 
eral representatives  to  act  as  officials  of  the  State  in  such  matters. 

Passing  now  from  the  examination  of  the  statutes  already  in  force  to 
the  consideration  of  an  ideal  statute  for  the  work;  not  only  of  tick 
eradication,  but  for  the  control  of  all  contagious  and  infectious  dis- 
eases of  live  stock,  the  Department  has,  in  response  to  requests  from 
the  officials  of  various  wStates,  indicated  the  essential  provisions  which, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  Department,  should  be  included  in  a  contagious 
and  infectious  disease  law.  Briefly  summarized,  these  provisions  may 
be  stated  as  follows: 

1.  The  governor  or  other  responsible  State  official  should  be  author- 
ized and  directed,  on  the  recommendation  of  a  State  board  hereinafter 
provided  for,  to  quarantine  any  portion  of  the  State,  no  matter  how 
large  or  how  small,  when  he  shall  determine  the  fact  that  cattle  or 
other  live  stock  in  such  part  of  the  State  are  infected  with  any  con- 
tagious, infectious,  or  communicable  disease,  and  to  raise  this  quaran- 
tine at  any  time  on  the  recommendation  of  the  board.     He  should  be 
directed  to  give  proper  notice  of  the  establishment  of  quarantine  to 
the  officers  of  railroad,  steamboat,  or  other  transportation  companies 
doing  business  in  or  through  any  quarantined  part  of  the  State,  and  to 
publish  in  such  newspapers  as  he  may  deem  necessary  notice  of  the 
establishment  of  quarantine. 

2.  It  should  be  provided  that  no  railroad  company,  or  the  owner 
or  master  of  any  steam  or  sailing  or  other  vessel  or  boat,  should 
receive  for  transportation,  or  transport  from  the  quarantined  part  of 
the  State  to  a  nonquarantined  part  of  the  State,  any  cattle  or  other 
live  stock,  except  as  will  be  hereafter  indicated.     All  persons,  com- 
panies, or  corporations  should  be  forbidden  to  deliver  for  such  trans- 
portation to  any  railroad  company,  or  to  the  master  or  owner  of  any 
boat  or  vessel,  any  cattle  or  other  live  stock,  except  as  will  be  hereafter 
indicated ;  and  all  persons,  companies,  or  corporations  should  be  for- 
bidden to  drive  on  foot,  or  to  caase  to  be  driven  on  foot,  or  to  trans- 
port in  private  conveyance,  or  to  cause  to  be  transported  in  private 
conveyance,  from  a  quarantined  part  of  the  State  to  a  nonquarantined 
part  of  the  State,  any  cattle  or  other  live  stock,  except  as  will  be 
hereafter  indicated. 

3.  Provision  should  be  made  for  a  State  board  to  control  the  mat- 
ter of  quarantine,  and  this  State  board  should  be  authorized  and 
directed,  when  the  public  safety  will  permit,  to  make  and,  promulgate 


THE    LEGAL    SIDE    OF   TICK    ERADICATION.  31 

rules  and  regulations  which  will  permit  and  govern  the  inspection, 
disinfection,  certification,  treatment,  handling,  and  method  and  man- 
ner of  delivery  and  shipment  of  cattle  or  other  live  stock  from  the 
quarantined  part  of  the  State  to  the  nonquarantined  part  of  the  State; 
to  enforce  disinfection  of  premises  and  live  stock,  and  also  the  pur- 
chase and  destruction  of  dangerously  infected  live  stock,  and  buildings 
liable  to  transmit  infection.  The  board  should  be  required  to  give 
notice  of  such  rules  and  regulations  in  the  manner  provided  for  notice 
of  the  establishment  of  quarantine  by  the  governor. 

4.  It  should  be  provided  that  cattle  or  other  live  stock  may  be 
moved  from  a  quarantined  part  of  the  State  to  a  nonquarantined 
part  of  the  State  under  and  in  compliance  with  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  State  board  hereinbefore  provided  for,  and  it  should  be 
made  unlawful  to  move,  or  to  allow  to  be  moved,  any  cattle  or  other 
live  stock  from  the  quarantined  part  of  the  State  to  the  nonquaran- 
tined part  of  the  State  in  manner  or  method  or  under  conditions 
other  than  those  prescribed  by  the  published  regulations  of  the  State 
board. 

5.  Provision  should  be  made  for  the  appointment  of  inspectors  to 
perform  their  work  under  the  control  and  regulations  of  the  State 
board.     These  inspectors  should  have  the  right  to  enter  premises  to 
inspect  live  stock,  and  to  perform  all  the  functions  demanded  by  the 
law  and  the  regulations  of  the  State  board  made  thereunder.     These 
inspectors  should  perform  their  duties  under  the  supervision  of  a  com- 
petent State  veterinarian. 

6.  Provision  should  be  made  for  the  payment  of  the  cost  of  inspec- 
tion, disinfection,  quarantine,  etc.,  preferably  by  a  State  appropria- 
tion, but  if  this  be  impracticable,  then  by  fees  to  be  determined  and 
fixed  by  the  State  board  and  collected   by  that  board.     From  this 
fund  the  salaries  and  expenses  of  the  inspectors  should  be  paid.     The 
Department  considers  it  bad  administration  to  allow  the  direct  col- 
lection of  fees  by  inspectors  as  compensation  for  their  services. 

7.  Provision  should  be  made  for  the  appraisal,  condemnation,  and 
remuneration  to  the  owner  for  a  part  or  the  whole  valuation  of  any 
premises  or  animals  necessarily  destroyed  in  controlling  contagious 
or  infectious  diseases  within  the  State. 

8.  The  governor  of  the  State  should  be  authorized  to  cooperate 
with  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  the  prevention  and  eradication 
of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  of  live  stock,  and,  when  the  con- 
stitution of  the  State  will  permit ,  he  should  be  authorized  to  appoint 
employees  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  to  act  as  State  officers  in 
contagious  and   infectious  disease  work.     These  employees  of    the 
Department  of  Agriculture  should  serve  without  compensation  from 
the  State,  and  when  so  appointed  they  should  have  all  the  power 
exercised  by  State  inspectors.     When  the  constitution  of  the  State 

22332— No.  97—07 3 


32  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

will  not  permit  such  authority  to  be  conferred  upon  employees  of  the 
Department,  the  work  can  be  carried  on  by  having  a  Department 
employee  perform  his  work  in  company  with  a  State  inspector. 
However,  this  plan,  in  many  cases,  makes  it  burdensome  upon  the 
State,  because  it  requires  the  employment  of  more  State  inspectors 
than  would  otherwise  be  necessary. 

9.  A  suitable  penalty  should  be  provided  for  violation  of  the  law  or 
of-  the  rules  and  regulations  made  thereunder. 

If  objection  be  made  to  the  above  provisions  on  the  ground  that 
thereby  arbitrary  absolute  power  is  vested  in  the  governor -and  State 
board,  the  answer  is  that,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Department,  to  secure 
effective  control,  prevent  dissemination,  and  make  possible  the  eradi- 
cation of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  of  live  stock,  it  is  neces- 
sary for  this  absolute  and  arbitrary  power  to  be  lodged  in  responsible 
public  officers.  The  essential  parts  of  the  above  provisions  are,  applied 
to  State  conditions,  substantially  those  of  the  act  of  Congress  of 
March  3,  1905,  entitled  '  'An  act  to  enable  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
to  establish  and  maintain  quarantine  districts,"  etc.  To  my  personal 
knowledge  there  were  no  more  enthusiastic  advocates  of  the  passage 
of  the  act  of  March  3,  1905,  than  the  Senators  and  Representatives 
from  the  States  you  represent,  and  if  the  people  of  these  Southern 
States  are  willing  that  this  arbitrary  and  absolute  power  in  regard  to 
interstate  commerce  should  be  vested  in  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture, 
as  it  is  vested  to-day,  then  no  objection  should  be  raised  to  the  lodg- 
ment of  the  same  power,  so  far  as  the  State  is  concerned,  in  your  own 
elective  officers. 

It  is  of  course  to  be  remembered  that  the  above  provisions  may 
be  entirely  unsuited  to  certain  local  conditions,  and  the  Department 
stands  ready,  upon  the  invitation  of  the  proper  officers  of  any  State,  to 
consider  local  conditions  and  to  advise  in  a  friendly  way  regarding 
the  desirable  provisions  of  a  live-stock  law  for  that  State. 

DISCUSSION. 

Doctor  LUCKEY.  Did  I  understand  you  to  say  that  the  State  of 
Missouri  has  not  power  to  confer  authority  on  the  Federal  inspectors? 

Mr.  McCABE.  Missouri  may  not  confer  authority  under  existing 
law.  There  is  no  affirmative  constitutional  provision  authorizing 
it  to  be  done.  The  State  authorities  are  not  expressly  authorized 
to  confer  authority  upon  the  Federal  officers. 

Doctor  GARY.  I  would  like  to  ask  a  question  in  regard  to  the 
courts  sustaining  the  actions  of  the  board  under  the  rules  and  regu- 
lations of  the  different  States:  Would  the  courts  probably  sustain 
the  action  of  the  sanitary  boards  in  enforcing  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions ? 


THE    LEGAL    SIDE    OF    TICK    ERADICATION.  33 

Mr.  McCABE.  Under  the  constitution  of  a  State,  may  a  legislature 
fix  a  penalty  for  the  violation  of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  a  san- 
itary board?  Is  that  the  question?  So  far  as  I  have  looked  into 
it — I  have  not  examined  the  constitutions  of  all  the  States  on  that 
point — the  rule  seems  to  be  generally  as  in  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  a  constitutional  axiom  that  the  legislature  can 
not  delegate  legislative  power  to  any  board.  The  legislature  must 
do  the  lawmaking,  but  the  legislature  may  provide  that  the  board 
can  exercise  administrative  discretion.  The  act  of  Congress  of 
March  3,  1905,  was  drawn  to  meet  that  very  objection.  We  have 
not  found  anyone  who  is  willing  to  attack  the  constitutionality  of 
that  law.  For  instance,  in  Tennessee  the  State  board  will  have  the 
right  to  recommend  that  four  counties  be  quarantined.  Then  as  the 
law  would  stand  it  should  be  unlawful  to  move  any  cattle  from  those 
four  counties  in  any  way.  But  the  State  board  of  control  may  issue 
rules  and  regulations  which  shall  govern  the  movement  of  cattle 
from  those  four  counties,  and  any  movement  from  those  four  counties 
differing  from  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  State  board  would  be 
unlawful.  That  makes  it  a  violation  to  move  the  cattle  except  in 
accordance  with  those  rules. 

Doctor  PARKER.  Is  presence  of  the  tick,  Boophilus  annulatus,  spe- 
cial evidence  of  a  communicable  disease? 

The  CHAIRMAN.  Doctor  Melvin,  can  not  you  answer  that  question? 

Doctor  MELVIN.  If  such  a  question  should  arise  in  court  I  think 
it  would  be  the  duty  of  the  court  to  establish  by  expert  opinion 
whether  this  tick  was  the  disseminator  of  the  disease,  and  I  do 
not  think  there  would  be  any  trouble  in  convincing  the  court  that 
this  tick  is  the  disseminator  of  the  disease,  just  as  infected  clothing 
might  be  the  disseminator  of  smallpox,  or  any  other  similar  disease. 
Of  course  it  would  lie  wholly  with  the  court  to  construe  it  and  to  rule 
according  to  the  expert  testimony  submitted. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  In  North  Carolina  the  Koopltilus  annulatus  is 
mentioned  in  the  quarantine  law.  That  would  be  suflicient. 

Doctor  MELVIN.  I  do  not  think  it  would  be  necessary  to  demon- 
strate to  the  court  that  any  particular  ticks  were  infectious  ticks. 
The  mere  fact  of  this  species  being  the  conveyor  of  the  disease,  no 
other  tick  being  the  conveyor,  would  be  suflicient  evidence  to  justify 
quarantine. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  It  would  be  just  like  expert  testimony  in  any 
other  case.  Would  that  apply  to  ticks  on  horses? 

Doctor  MELVIN.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  McC.uiE.  1'nder  our  Federal  law,  in  case  of  a  question  as  to 
whether  or  not  an  animal  is  infected,  the  burden  of  proof  is  always  on 
the  party  who  seeks  to  prove  that  it  is  not  infected.  That  applies  to 
healthv  cattle  as  well  us  to  diseased  cattle. 


34  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Doctor  PARKER.  The  Texas  live-stock  sanitary  commission  has 
taken  the  position  that  it  can  not  secure  the  control  of  ticky  horses, 
which,  of  course,  simply  embarrasses  our  work. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  One  point  that  comes  up  in  the  administration  of 
the  law  is  this :  The  laws  are  published  in  a  book  which  is  sent  to  the 
lawyers.  The  rules  and  regulations  of  the  board  of  cattle  control  are 
published,  but  sometimes  they  are  not  sent  to  the  lawyers;  and  the 
question  comes  up,  What  is  proper  publication.?  If  they  are  sent  to 
the  lawyers  only,  the  cattlemen  do  not  get  them.  They  may  be  sent 
to  some  cattlemen  and  not  to  others.  Finally,  they  are  changed 
from  time  to  time,  and  those  changes  do  not  get  into  the  hands  of  all 
concerned;  thus  the  man  that  violates  may  not  have  an  opportu- 
nity to  get  the  law  if  the  rules  and  regulations  are  part  of  the  law; 
and  it  becomes  very  important  to  know  by  what  method  the  States, 
and  we  ourselves,  should  inform  the  people  of  what  the  law  is.  It 
seems  to  me  we  should  take  more  care  in  posting  notices  at  the  court- 
houses, and  in  posting  weatherproof,  untearable  notices  along  the  line. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  We  do  that  in  Georgia. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  Every  time  a  change  is  made.  These  points  we 
will  have  to  consider,  and  they  become  more  and  more  important  as 
the  lines  moves  in,  because  of  the  danger  of  the  disinfected  region 
becoming  again  infected. 

Mr.  BROWN.  There  is  one  point  regarding  our  law  in  Virginia — and  I 
did  not  observe  that  Mr.  McCabe's  paper  covered  it — and  that  is  as  to 
the  power  of  the  State  board  to  authorize  the  board  of  supervisors  of  a 
county  to  quarantine  against  counties  also  in  the  quarantine  district. 

Mr.  McCABE.  That  was  covered  by  the  provision  for  the  State 
board  of  control. 

Doctor  KLEIN.  It  has  been  my  observation  that  considerable  incon- 
venience is  sometimes  caused  by  quarantine  regulations  being  put  into 
force  immediately — that  is,  they  are  not  issued  to  take  effect  on  and 
after  a  certain  date,  say  thirty  days  after  issuance;  most  of  them 
become  effective  immediately.  Changes  are  made  in  the  quarantine 
regulations  that  cause  great  inconvenience  and  sometimes  breed  con- 
tention that  would  not  exist  if  it  were  not  for  that  fact.  Of  course  I 
understand  that  it  is  not  always  possible  to  give  notice;  there  may 
be  cases  where  it  is  impossible  to  give  notice;  the  situation  may 
demand  immediate  quarantine.  But  I  think  there  are  many  occa- 
sions where  regulations  are  issued  to  cover  a  coming  year,  and  we  have 
learned  by  our  experience  of  this  year  that  certain  departures  from 
the  present  regulations  would  be  required.  In  such  cases,  if  notice  of 
thirty  or  sixty  days  or  three  months  were  given  of  the  new  regula- 
tions, it  would  help  matters  considerably. 

Mr.  KITTRELL.  I  think  one  trouble  in  this*  State,  and  I  presume  in 
others,  is  that  this  law  is  not  charged  to  the  grand  juries  by  the  judge. 


COOPERATION    BY    STATES    AND    FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT.       35 

There  are  comparatively  few  people  in  the  State  who  know  there  is  a 
law  on  this  subject,  and  it  is  not  taken  into  cognizance  by  the  juries. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  Did  you  ask  the  judges  to  give  it  in  charge? 

Mr.  KITTRELL.  No,  sir;  but  I  believe  it  ought  to  be  charged,  and 
the  grand  jury  ought  to  have  power;  and  I  think  if  that  were  done  the 
law  could  be  made  very  helpful  and  very  effective. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  I  think  these  regulations  are  made  to  meet  emer- 
gencies. When  we  find  a  county  infected,  it  would  be  poor  policy  to 
give  thirty  days'  notice.  A  man  could  take  advantage  of  the  oppor- 
tunity to  move  his  cattle.  After  the  board  has  determined  on  rules 
and  regulations  the  governor  issues  a  proclamation  that  such  and 
such  shall  be  sufficient  notice. 

COOPERATION  BETWEEN  THE  STATES  AND  THE    FEDERAL 
GOVERNMENT. 

By  D.  F.  LUCKEY, 

State  Veterinarian  of  Missouri. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN:  No  one  doubts  that  in  the  work 
of  the  control  of  contagious  diseases  of  all  kinds,  particularly  in  the 
work  of  controlling  the  spread  of  fever  ticks,  there  ought  to  be  the 
heartiest  cooperation  between  the  officers  of  the  various  States  and 
of  the  Federal  Government.  We  have  come  here  to  meet  the  officers 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  I  think  this  manifestation  is 
a  better  proof  of  the  spirit  of  cooperation  which  exists  between  the 
States  and  the  Department  than  anything  I  could  say. 

After  the  enactment  of  suitable  laws  in  the  various  States,  then 
comes  the  execution  of  these  laws.  Each  State  and  the  Bureau 
should  appoint  competent,  efficient,  and  industrious  men  and 
instruct  them  to  work  together.  The  line  of  cooperation  that  works 
in  one  State  will  sometimes  not  work  in  another.  In  the  State  of 
Missouri  in  the  past  we  have  failed  to  get  results  in  some  cases  on 
account  of  the  lack  of  cooperation  and  proper  understanding  between 
the  officials  of  our  State  and  those  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
A  spirit  of  antagonism  should  not  exist  in  any  State,  and  I  have  done 
everything  I  possibly  could  to  eradicate  that  before  beginning  the 
eradication  of  ticks. 

A  few  years  ago  the  regulations  of  the  Federal  Department  and 
those  of  the  State  of  Missouri  regarding  the  handling  of  southern 
cattle  were  entirely  at  variance.  The  period  of  inspection  was  dif- 
ferent, and  the  State  regulations  did  not  recognize  a  permit  issued  by 
a  Federal  inspector,  neither  did  the  Federal  regulations  recognize  a 
permit  issued  by  a  State  inspector.  I  have  advocated  that  we  work 
together  closely,  understand  each  other,  talk  candidly  over  things 
in  which  we  differ,  and  have  no  misunderstanding;  and  I  have  advised 
the  board  of  agriculture  to  make  quarantine  regulations,  whon  they 


36  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

were  necessary,  to  comply  exactly  with  the  quarantine  regulations 
of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  I  am  prepared  to  go  still  further, 
and,  on  the  theory  that  the  fewer  quarantine  regulations  we  have  the 
hetter,  I  would  recommend  that  our  State  withdraw  her  quarantine 
regulations  altogether,  as  far  as  southern  cattle  fever  is  concerned. 
I  believe  the  protective  line  work  should  be  wholly  north  of  the 
quarantine  line  and  should  be  left  entirely  with  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  and  that  the  cooperative  enforcement  of  the  line  should 
be  carried  on  where  the  line  crosses  a  State.  Such  is  not  the  case  with 
the  State  of  Missouri,  and  I  do  not  believe  there  is  a  reason  for  the 
continuance  of  the  quarantine  regulations  of  the  State.  I  believe 
we  ought  to  have  definite  plans  and  that  the  plans  and  the  work  of 
the  State  officials  and  of  the  Federal  Government  should  be  in  har- 
mony. I  also  believe  that  whenever  it  is  possible  for  those  in  the 
State  to  speak  a  good  word  for  the  work  of  the  Department  they 
should  do  so.  I  believe  the  officers  of  every  State  should  do  that. 

DISCUSSION. 

Doctor  KEANE.  A  very  important  matter — the  matter  of  a  general 
live  stock  law — was  brought  up  this  morning  by  Mr.  McCabe.  I 
believe  every  State  that  is  interested  in  this  line  of  work  should  adopt 
a  new  live-stock  law  of  the  character  indicated  by  Mr.  McCabe.  It 
will  greatly  facilitate  this  work,  and  I  would  like  to  hear  a  little  dis- 
cussion on  that  matter. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  I  would  be  very  glad  to  request  Mr.  McCabe,  with 
the  approval  of  Doctor  Melvin  and  Doctor  Steddom,  to  prepare  a 
general  law,  and  I  will  guarantee,  so  far  as  Georgia  is  concerned,  that 
we  will  amend  our  laws  wherever  it  is  necessary  to  conform  to  that 
general  law. 

Eight  years  ago  we  formed  an  association  of  the  commissioners  of 
agriculture  of  the  Southern  States.  We  found  the  fertilizer  laws  con- 
flicting. Alabama  had  one  law,  Georgia  another,  and  Tennessee  still 
another,  and  they  all  conflicted  as  to  the  registration  of  the  brands  of 
fertilizers,  the  per  cent  of  phosphoric  acid,  ammonia,  and  potash 
required,  and  the  manner  in  which  these  goods  should  be  branded;  so 
that  in  Texas  they  had  to  have  one  brand  on  the  sack,  and  in  Georgia 
another.  This  was  the  condition  we  met  in  the  different  States,  but 
after  we  had  gotten  together  we  undertook  to  have  a  general  law 
passed  by  all  the  States  in  which  fertilizers  were  used  requiring  that 
the  guaranteed  analysis,  the  manner  of  branding,  and  the  way  of  regis- 
tration should  be  about  the  same. 

I  think  that  same  idea  should  get  hold  of  us  in  tick-eradication 
work.  We  can  not  proceed  on  the  best  and  most  progressive  lines 
unless  we  agree  as  to  some  plan  like  that  mapped  out  this  morning.  I 
think  Doctor  Steddom  and  Doctor  Melvin  will  bear  me  out  in  saying 


ENFORCEMENT  OF  QUARANTINE  REGULATIONS.       37 

that  we  have  a  very  good  law  for  tick-eradication  work  in  the  State 
of  Georgia.  The  whole  business  is  left  to  the  State  department  of 
agriculture  and  not  to  the  governor.  It  is  made  the  duty  of  the  com- 
missioner of  agriculture  to  aid  and  cooperate  in  this  work,  and  I  think 
we  have  all  the  law  that  is  found  necessary.  I  have  had  the  State 
attorney-general  construe  that  law,  and  I  asked  him  if  amendments 
were  needed.  He  said  that  the  law  was  just  as  hroad  as  was  neces- 
sary. I  talked  to  Doctor  Payne  about  it  and  he  said  it  was  a  good  law. 
Doctor  Klein  thinks  it  is  a  good  law.  We  formulated  rules  and 
regulations  under  that  law.  I  hope  some  definite  plan  will  be  adopted 
by  which  we  can  all  go  home  and  go  before  the  next  legislature  with 
a  uniform  law,  ano!  thus  get  together  in  this  work. 

THE  ENFORCEMENT  OF  QUARANTINE  REGULATIONS. 

By  THOMAS  MORRIS; 
Secretary  Oklahoma  Lire-Stock  Sanitary  Commission. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  I  suppose  this  subject  means  the 
enforcement  by  States.  Oklahoma  being  a  Territory  and  young,  was 
fortunate  enough  to  have  an  excellent  quarantine  law  passed  in  1897; 
but  our  resources  being  limited  we  were  never  allowed  enough  money 
to  enforce  it  as  it  should  be  enforced.  However,  the  legislature  two 
years  ago  made  provision  for  the  appointment  of  seven  inspectors, 
appropriating  SI 0,000  for  their  pay,  which,  by  the  way,  was  not 
enough  by  $2,000  to  employ  them  regularly.  Since  that  time  we  have 
undertaken  to  give  a  more  thorough  enforcement  of  the  Territorial 
laws.  We  made  our  rules  and  regulations,  a  proclamation  was  issued 
by  the  governor,  and  we  began  enforcing  the  law  as  best  we  could. 
Last  year  we  began  to  make  a  range  canvass  in  two  counties.  This 
year  the  work  has  been  carried  on  by  the  Federal  employees,  and  our 
own  forces  have  all  been  engaged  in  it. 

In  enforcing  these  laws  Oklahoma  is  peculiarly  situated.  Mr. 
Morgan  speaks  about  disinfecting  pastures  by  taking  cattle  off. 
Oklahoma  being  a  new  country,  we  find  that  will  not  do.  A  man 
breaks  out  a  part  of  his  land  and  leaves  40  to  SO  acres  for  a  permanent 
pasture.  It  may  be  all  the  land  he  has  on  his  place  that  has  a  fence 
around  it.  That  does  not  give  him  a  chance  to  shift  his  cattle.  When 
we  find  infection  we  quarantine  it.  We  compel  people  to  clean  their 
cattle.  Our  law  provides  that  an  inspector  may  call  to  his  aid  the 
sheriff  of  any  county  to  assist,  but  it  is  the  policy  of  the  board  to  give 
those  people  a  chance.  We  instruct  them  the  best  we  can,  and  if 
they  will  follow  instructions  they  can  clean  their  cattle  without  any 
expense  to  themselves;  but  if  they  do  not  believe  in  the  tick  theory 
we  simply  place  those,  cattle  in  the  hands  of  the  sheriff  and  they  are 
disinfected  at  the  owner's  expense.  Our  mode  of  disinfection  is  by 


38          THE  ERADICATION  OF  THE  CATTLE  TICK. 

greasing  with  crude  oil.  We  do  not.  bother  with  anything  else.  A 
great  many  dipping  vats  are  being  established  over  the  Territory, 
and  we  encourage  the  establishment  of  them. 

Our  law  provides  that  the  Territorial  board  shall  cooperate  with 
the  Federal  authorities,  and  our  rules  and  regulations  must  comply 
writh  their  rules  and  regulations.  That  I  think  is  a  very  good  thing  in 
any  State  law.  Our  board  this  year  passed  resolutions  giving  all 
Federal  inspectors  working  in  the  Territory  authority  to  enforce 
quarantine  measures.  The  main  thing  in  enforcing  quarantine  regu- 
lations in  any  State  is  to  educate  the  people,  to  get  them  interested, 
to  make  them  understand  the  importance  and  value  of  the  work,  to 
show  them  the  depreciation  of  their  cattle  when  they  are  below  the 
quarantine  line,  and  the  advantages  of  an  open  market.  Of  course, 
we  find  a  few  people  who  will  not  listen  to  reason.  Those  people  we 
simply  show. 

DISCUSSION. 

Doctor  KEANE.  I  consider  maintaining  the  quarantine  a  very 
important  feature  in  this  work.  We  sometimes  overlook  the  fact  that 
we  ought  to  place  individual  quarantines  in  the  quarantined  areas; 
that  is,  a  range  should  be  kept  in  quarantine.  The  only  way  to  do  this 
is  by  proper  live-stock  laws  and  proper  enforcement. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  That  has  been  our  work  in  Oklahoma  during  the  last 
two  years.  We  make  a  regular  inspection.  We  inspect  all  the  pas- 
tures about  this  time  of  year,  and  if  there  is  rio  infection  we  release 
the  pasture  until  next  April,  holding  it  in  quarantine  for  later  inspec- 
tion. Since  the  tick-eradication  work  has  been  begun  and  we  have 
the  help  of  Federal  inspectors,  we  do  not  need  to  do  that.  If  a  man 
applies  to  us  to  move  cattle  and  if  they  are  inspected  and  found  clean 
we  allow  him  to  move  them.  He  can  move  no  other  cattle.  We  hope 
for  great  results,  and  there  is  every  indication  of  our  hopes  being  real- 
ized; but  the  individual  quarantine  is  the  main  feature  in  ridding  the 
country  of  ticks.  When  quarantine  is  placed  there  is  a  notice,  and 
the  man  is  instructed  by  our  inspector.  The  cattle  must  be  thor- 
oughly greased  every  thirty  days,  and  we  generally  give  a  lesson  in 
greasing.  As  I  said  this  morning,  our  men  are  all  cowboys  and  can 
rope  a  steer.  Their  plan  is  simply  to  throw  a  rope  over  his  horns  and 
heels  so  they  can  throw  him  down  and  grease  him  all  over.  I  think 
that  the  dipping  vat  is  the  proper  way,  but  it  is  expensive,  and  the 
farmers  can  not  all  establish  vats;  but  they  are  establishing  them  in 
neighborhoods,  and  we  have  adopted  the  dipping  plan  wherever  they 
have  a  dipping  vat  in  the  neighborhood.  We  allow  all  cattle  in 
the  neighborhood  to  go  to  that  vat,  but  the  work  must  be  under  super- 
vision. The  cattle  must  be  under  supervision  before  leaving  the 
pasture,  to  prevent  infesting  the  public  highways.  We  have  an 
inspector  present  at  the  dipping.  The  people  have  peculiar  ideas. 


ENFORCEMENT    OF    QUARANTINE    REGULATIONS.  39 

Men  in  the  eradication  work  have  quarantined  pastures,  and  prob- 
ably afterwards  received  a  letter  from  the  owner  stating  that  his  cattle 
are  clean  and  asking  that  they  be  released.  The  idea  has  been  for  the 
inspector  to  follow  up  this  work  twenty  days  after  the  first  inspection. 
We  have  not  been  able  to  do  that  in  all  cases,  but  we  are  doing  it  now. 
We  have  a  force  in  hand  so  that,  whenever  a  man  applies  for  inspec- 
tion, we  can  furnish  a  man  to  visit  his  pasture,  and  if  his  cattle  are  free 
they  are  let  out. 

Mr.  KITTRELL.  Does  your  law  coinpel  a  man  to  clear  his  own  place 
from  ticks  ?  I  know  you  can  quarantine  them. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  The  law  says  we  can  enforce  such  local  measures  as 
are  necessary  to  get  clear  of  the  infection,  and  I  believe  we  have  the 
power  to  make  them  do  it.  If  a  man  will  not,  we  put  the  cattle  in  the 
hands  of  the  sheriff.  When  we  quarantine  cattle,  we  take  them  out 
of  the  owner's  hands  and  turn  them  over  to  the  sheriff,  the  same  as  if 
levied  on,  because  he  can  levy  and  sell  at  the  owner's  expense  if  he 
does  not  pay. 

Professor  NEWELL.  How  do  they  enforce  the  regulation  ? 

Mr.  MORRIS.  By  the  penalty  attached  to  our  law,  the  lowest  fine 
being  $100. 

Professor  NEWELL.  Well,  you  must  get  the  evidence  to  convict 
them.  A  man  may  move  his  cattle  away  overnight. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  Some  of  our  judges  have  not  given  us  a  fair  show.  We 
did  get  a  decision  in  the  district  court  of  Noble  County.  The  man's 
farm  is  quarantined:  the  line  is  around  his  farm.  The  judge  held 
that,  where  it  could  be  proved  that  cattle  were  on  one  side  of  the  line 
one  day  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  line  at  another  period,  that 
constituted  a  violation  of  the  quarantine  law. 

Professor  NEWELL.  But  you  can  rot  prove  the  identity  of  the 
cattle  except  by  branding. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  We  do  not  find  any  difficulty  in  that  case.  In  our 
county  the  people  who  haven't  got  the  ticks  are  very  particular  about 
reporting  violations. 

Professor  NEWELL.  Have  you  ever  worked  in  a  locality  where  a 
man  will  protect  his  neighbor? 

Mr.  MORRIS.  About  one  out  of  ten  is  antagonistic  in  our  locality. 

Professor  NEWELL.  I  don't  think  men  would  obey  a  law  providing 
for  individual  quarantine  in  Louisiana.  We  can  not  depend  on  com- 
pliance with  such  a  law,  because  it  would  be  considered  absurd. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  I  have  so  far  had  only  about  three  reports  of  persons 
who  have  moved  their  cattle  from  quarantined  pastures  before  we 
released  them;  I  have  inspectors  working  on  the  evidence,  and  those 
men  will  be  prosecuted.  We  never  fail  to  stick  a  man  for  his  SI 00 
fine. 


40  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE   TICK. 

EDUCATION  AND  PUBLICITY  AS  AN  AID  TO  TICK   ERADICATION. 

By  0.  A.  OAKY, 
Professor  of  I'elciinary  Science,  Alabama  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  I  do  not  represent  one  of  the  lead- 
ing States  in  this  work,  but  I  do  represent  a  State  that  is  pretty  well 
infested  by  ticks.  Doctor  Steddom  reported  that  a  majority  of  the 
farms  inspected  are  infested.  My  plan  of  work  has  been  to  use  the 
farmers'  institutes  to  educate  the  farmer.  Out  of  85  sessions  last 
year — from  the  1st  of  July,  1905,  to  the  1st  of  July,  1906 — I  do  not 
think  we  had  a  session  at  which  the  tick  question  was  not  discussed 
thoroughly,  if  not  by  myself,  by  Professor  Morgan  or  someone  else 
thoroughly  conversant  with  the  subject.  When  we  commenced  the 
work  this  fall  in  the  two  counties  bordering  on  Tennessee  we  began  to 
write  on  the  subject.  We  kept  the  county  papers  more  or  less  full 
of  the  tick  question  for  several  weeks.  This  year  men  went  up  along 
the  line  between  Tennessee  and  Alabama  and  had  township  meetings 
of  all  the  farmers  we  could  get  out  in  those  townships.  In  addition, 
we  thoroughly  discussed  the  question  with  individual  farmers.  I 
said  to  the  inspectors:  "  When  you  get  to  a  man's  farm  tell  him  all  you 
can,  and  look  over  his  farm  and  see  if  there  is  any  particular  advan- 
tage in  using  this  or  that  method,  and  discuss  it  thoroughly  with  him." 
I  do  not  think  we  should  take  just  one  method  and  go  out  and  harp 
on  that  method  and  nothing  else,  but  if  we  see  that  one  man  can 
readily  starve  out  the  ticks,  give  him  that  method.  If  he  has  but  a 
few  cattle — as  some  of  the  negroes  have — he  can  clean  them  by  hand. 
We  advise  them  to  grease  the  animals,  and  we  keep  them  at  it.  Then 
I  hold  out  to  them  that  if  they  do  their  part  by  a  certain  time  we  will 
try  to  get  them  out  of  quarantine.  Of  course  we  do  not  promise  to 
get  them  out.  In  this  work  we  have  had  no  law  at  all — not  one 
word  of  a  law.  Once  in  a  while  we  run  across  a  man  who  is  opposed  to 
our  work,  and  we  say,  "How  many  cattle  have  you?"  "That  is 
none  of  your  business."  We  go  on  by  and  find  out  from  his  neigh- 
bors something  about  him.  We  are  going  to  get  a  law  this  winter. 

Now,  I  want  to  say  a  few  words  to  the  inspectors,  without  meaning 
any  offense  whatever.  Inspectors  sometimes  do  not  know  some 
things  they  ought  to  know.  They  ought  to  know  more  about  the 
cattle-farming  conditions  in  the  communities  in  which  they  are 
inspecting.  They  know  many  things  about  the  life  history  of  the 
tick  and  about  veterinary  science;  but  if  the  farmer  should  ask 
some  simple  practical  question  and  the  inspector  answers  "I  don't 
know,"  what  does  the  farmer  say?  He  says,  "That  fellow  is  not  up 
to  his  business."  I  know  this  from  experience.  I  find  that  the 
inspectors  coming  into  Alabama  ought  to  have  a  course  in  Alabama 
agriculture  along  the  lines  of  rotation  and  diversification  of  crops. 


IMPORTANCE    OF    EDUCATION    AND    PUBLICITY.  41 

You  can  not  make  a  general  rule.  You  must  say  "Have  this  crop 
here  and  that  pasture  there."  When  the  inspector  comes  up 
against  a  fanner,  he  should  have  a  practical  answer  right  on  the  end 
of  his  tongue. 

Let  me  tell  you  now  where  some  of  you  are  .going  to  run  up  against 
a  difficulty  next  spring.  You  have  told  the  old  farmer  that  if  he  will 
grease  his  cattle  he  will  be  rid  of  the  ticks.  Along  next  spring  the 
ticks'  eggs  will  hatch  out,  and  his  cattle  will  be  reinfested.  Then  he 
will  say  "You  lied  to  me  then,  and  I  don't  believe  you."  We  may 
just  as  well  face  this  thing.  Be  careful  about  what  you  promise 
these  old  farmers,  and  when  you  promise  to  do  a  certain  thing  do  it 
in  such  a  way  that  it  will  bring  success. 

I  wish  every  inspector  that  goes  into  the  South,  especially  from 
the  Xorth,  could  go  to  some  of  these  short-course  agricultural  schools 
and  learn  the  agricultural  conditions  of  the  South,  so  that  he  will 
know  what  to  do.  You  ought  to  learn  the  main  principles  in  a  very 
short  time  if  you  go  to  one  of  these  places  where  you  will  be  properly 
instructed.  W"e  have  a  ten-day  course  in  which  we  have  addresses 
by  the  superintendents  from  different  States.  We  have  from  500  to 
600  farmers  in  attendance,  and  we  give  them  instruction.  If  the 
inspectors  could  have  the  benefits  of  such  a  course,  they  would  be 
better  prepared  to  tell  the  farmers  what  to  do,  and  their  advice 
would  not  be  too  general.  The  farmer  wants  you  to  say  just  what 
to  do,  and  he  wants  to  realize  that  you  know  what  you  are  talking 
about.  Then  he  will  believe  you  and  follow  your  advice,  and  will  do 
a  great  deal  more  than  if  he  thinks  you  are  telling  him  something 
that  is  not  true. 

If  you  go  into  a  township  and  tell  all  you  know  about  the  ticks, 
you  may  have  to  repeat  and  repeat  in  order  to  get  it  into  the  men's 
minds.  But  you  should  recollect  that  the  more  you  get  it  into  one 
man's  mind  the  more  he  will  spread  it  among  the  others.  In  Ala- 
bama I  am  often  asked  to  make  a  "tick  talk."  They  laugh  when 
I  get  up,  and  say,  "There  comes  the  tick  man  again."  Let  them 
laugh.  I  never  let  an  occasion  go  by  without  having  the  tick  question 
discussed. 

DISCUSSION. 

Mr.  BROWN.  I  have  in  Virginia  been  a  member  of  the  board  of 
control  since  the  matter  was  turned  over  to  the  State,  or  rather  since 
the  line  was  run  through  the  State.  This  question  of  bringing  the  mat- 
ter home  to  the  people  is  -the  most  important  thing  in  the  work  of 
tick  eradication.  You  must  bring  it  home  to  the  people  who  own  the 
cattle.  In  the  last  few  years  we  have  been  trying  to  get  the  coun- 
ties along  the  quarantine  line  to  take  enough  interest  in  the  matter 
'.o  appoint  local  inspectors  and  support  them.  Our  State  supports 
the  quarantine  work  and  pays  all  the  expenses  of  such  ollicers  MS 


42  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

we  send  into  the  field;  but  under  our  constitution  no  money  can  be 
paid  out  of  the  treasury  except  in  pursuance  of  appropriations,  and 
the  work  has  grown  faster  than  the  appropriations.  We  have  now 
at  work  in  Virginia  over  fifty  local  inspectors  who  are  acquainted  with 
the  farming  conditions  in  these  counties.  It  has  been  our  good  for- 
tune to  have  the  cooperation  of  the  United  States  authorities.  I 
believe  Doctor  Curtice  wrill  bear  me  out  in  stating  that  the  work  of  the 
local  men  has  been  good,  so  much  so  that  Doctor  Curtice  and  our  State 
inspector  reported  this  fall  to  our  board  that  ten  counties  had  been  freed 
from  the  cattle  tick,  and  recommended  that  we  release  those  counties 
from  quarantine  and  leave  in  quarantine  only  such  farms  as  were 
affected.  That  recommendation  was  approved  by  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  on  December  1 ,  and  ten  counties  in  Virginia  were  released 
from  quarantine. 

When  you  can  get  the  people  interested  you  have  a  decided  advan- 
tage in  the  educational  work.  Of  course  the  local  workers  are  not 
college  graduates,  and  possibly  they  are  not  as  highly  instructed  in 
the  life  history  of  the  tick  as  they  should  be,  but  when  their  work  is 
coupled  with  that  of  the  Bureau  inspectors  we  have  an  ideal  working 
force.  With  the  United  States  Government  and  the  State  govern- 
ment cooperating  in  the  work,  the  State  and  the  counties  furnishing 
local  men  who  are  there  all  the  time,  it  strikes  me  that  very  decided 
results  can  be  accomplished. 

We  have  simply  used  the  starving-out  process  in  Virginia.  We 
have  recommended  to  the  people  of  the  counties  the  "no-fence"  law, 
under  which  each  man  fences  in  his  own  cattle.  The  fence  law  in 
Virginia  is  left  in  the  hands  of  the  local  authorities.  Any  county  can 
adopt  a  "no-fence"  law  for  that  county. 

I  do  not  believe  in  going  too  fast,  but  I  hope  the  work  done  this  fall 
in  Virginia  by  the  Federal  inspectors  will  bear  good  fruit,  and  I  believe 
that  is  the  true  line  of  publicity. 

Professor  WILLOUGHBY.  The  educational  side  of  tick  eradication 
is  very  important.  In  fact,  it  is  generally  recognized  as  the  first 
thing  that  must  be  done  in  our  work,  and  upon  the  method  of  this 
first  work  depends  the  success  of  the  work  that  is  to  follow.  This 
work  should  be  done  carefully,  and  it  should  be  done  as  enthusiastic- 
ally as  possible;  yet  we  should  not  present  before  any  audience  the 
idea  that  tick  eradication  will  be  easy,  because  they  will  find  out  later 
that  it  is  not  so.  Still  I  believe  we  should  present  these  matters  in  as 
favorable  a  light  as  possible. 

I  hope  that  the  future  appropriations  given  to  the  Bureau  will 
make  it  possible  for  more  inspectors  to  be  sent  to  the  farmers'  con- 
ventions, to  the  meetings  of  the  live-stock  associations  and  agricul- 
tural societies,  and  even  to  the  regular  farmers'  institute  meetings, 
as  they  may  be  held  in  the  different  States.  While  most  of  these 


IMPORTANCE    OF    EDUCATION    AND    PUBLICITY.  43 

inspectors  are  quite  busy  superintending  the  details  of  their  work,  it 
occurs  to  me  that  perhaps  other  men  who  are  gifted  with  the  power 
of  oratory  might  be  detailed  from  the  Bureau  to  go  into  different 
States  at  different  times  of  the  year  and  present  the  question  of  tick 
eradication.  Another  good  plan  would  be  for  all  inspectors  engaged 
in  this  educational  work  to  use  the  local  newspapers  more  than  has 
been  done  in  the  past.  Of  course  the  agricultural  papers  should  be 
used  to  the  fullest  extent.  In  other  words,  keep  the  work  constantly 
before  the  people  until  their  minds  become  so  imbued  with  it  that 
they  realize  it  is  a  good  work  and  will  constantly  support  it. 

I  also  hope  that  at  another  meeting,  such  as  this,  we  may  be  able 
to  have  more  of  the  local  inspectors  present.  It  would  be  a  great 
source  of  enthusiasm  and  inspiration  to  the  men  who  are  out  on  the 
firing  line. 

Mr.  A.  H.  PETTIBONE.  We  have  in  Tennessee  a  most  admirable 
law,  but  it  lacks  just  this — it  is  printed  in  the  acts  of  the  legislature 
and  a  few  copies  are  sent  to  the  county  clerks,  and  there  it  stops. 
The  lawyers  and  the  people  know  very  little  about  it.  The  law 
ought  to  contain  some  provision  making  it  the  duty  of  all  the  judges 
in  the  State  to  give  that  law  in  charge  to  the  grand  juries.  I  found 
in  my  investigations  over  the  State  of  Tennessee  that  the  law  is  not 
known  to  one  citizen  in  five.  I  want  to  get  the  law  to  the  people. 
You  can  not  enforce  such  a  law  unless  you  have  cooperation  between 
the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  and  the  various  authorities  of  the 
States.  There  should  be  the  most  cordial  cooperation,  and  I  am 
thankful  there  is  in  Tennessee. 

I  have  published  in  forty-seven  different  newspapers  in  the  coun- 
ties that  I  have  visited  a  two-column  letter,  and  I  have  not  yet  found 
an  editor  who  was  not  willing  to  publish  my  letter.  These  letters 
have  gone  right  into  the  farmers'  hands.  Thirty-seven  of  the  State 
papers  have  published  my  letter  on  the  cause  and  the  cure  of  the 
Texas  cattle  fever,  urging  always  the  cooperation  of  the  people  with 
the  authorities  in  the  enforcement  of  the  quarantine.  I  have  gone 
to  the  county  boards,  to  the  lawyers,  to  the  editors,  and  in  that  way 
endeavored  to  get  the  cooperation  of  the  people;  and  I  find  the 
people  are  perfectly  willing,  but  they  are  uninstructed;  they  do  not 
know  the  law.  Who  will  go  to  the  county  court  clerk  and  get  a  copy 
of  the  State  statutes,  hunt  up  chapter  156,  and  read  it  for  his  infor- 
mation or  his  direction? 

In  a  recent  trial  in  the  county  of  Carroll  a  man  whom  we  had  to 
prosecute  was  defended  by  a  young  lawyer  who  did  not  know  of  the 
existence  of  this  act  of  1901.  Here  was  a  lawyer  of  high  intelligence, 
a  man  elected  to  the  next  legislature,  who  absolutely  did  not  know 
of  the  existence  of  the  law.  What,  then,  can  you  expect  of  the  com- 
mon people? 


44  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  In  Georgia  we  have  our  laws  and  rules  and  regula- 
tions relating  to  this  matter  published,  and  we  send  out  ten  or  fifteen 
thousand  copies. 

Mr.  PETTIBONE.  That  ought  to  be  done  in  Tennessee.  I  think  a 
compilation  of  that  kind  orght  to  be  made  right  away.  The  best 
document  that  I  have  yet  seen  on  the  subject  is  Circular  97  of  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  "How  to  Get  Rid  of  Cattle  Ticks."  In 
my  work  I  have  distributed  many  copies  of  this  circular  by  mail  and 
otherwise. 

Doctor  PARKER.  I  wish  to  be  recognized  by  the  chair  this  time  as 
representing  the  live-stock  commission  of  Texas.  Texas  has  had 
troubles  different  from  most  of  the  other  States  represented  here. 
Cattle  in  most  of  the  States  are  a  kind  of  "side  line"  of  agriculture. 
Over  a  large  part  of  Texas  and  parts  of  California  we  have  ranches 
where  they  raise  nothing  but  cattle,  and  the  profits  of  the  business 
depend  on  the  ability  of  the  people  to  move  their  cattle  to  market. 
One  of  the  greatest  educational  methods  we  have  had  there  is  old 
Mother  Nature.  The  losses  from  splenetic  fever  are  a  powerful  edu- 
cator. A  good  many  of  the  ranchers  have  been  unable  to  move 
their  cattle  when  they  wanted  to  without  violation  of  the  law;  they 
have  been  hampered.  This,  also,  has  educated  them.  With  the 
proposed  strict  enforcement  against  the  movement  of  ticky  cattle 
above  the  quarantine  line,  which  we  are  beginning  in  Texas  in  all 
localities,  there  will  be  some  more  education. 

Most  of  our  inspectors  in  Texas  are  trained  in  tick  work  and  under- 
stand the  disease;  they  also  understand  ranch  work,  and  can  talk 
intelligently  to  the  ranchman  about  the  best  management  for  his 
own  ranch.  A  majority  of  the  men  at  work  both  for  the  Bureau  and 
for  the  State  of  Texas  can  go  to  a  ranch  and  in  a  short  while  under- 
stand the  conditions,  and  can  tell  the  ranchman  what  he  must  do. 
The  inspectors  are  posted  on  rotation  of  crops.  There  was  a  ranch 
of  more  than  150,000  acres,  more  or  less  ticky,  above  the  quarantine 
line.  The  owner  had  read  the  papers  and  knew  the  law  on  ticky 
cattle.  He  also  knew  more  or  less  of  the  dangers  of  splenetic  fever; 
but,  with  all  his  knowledge  and  experience,  he  was  not  up  to  the 
point  of  action  on  the  eradication  of  ticks.  It  was  only  when  one 
of  our  inspectors  had  a  personal  talk  with  him  and  explained  things 
to  him  that  he  became  convinced  that  it  was  money  to  him  to  eradi- 
cate ticks,  and  he  said  to  his  ranch  foreman:  "Put  in  as  many  dip- 
ping vats  as  are  necessary,  improve  the  fences,  and  eradicate  the 
ticks  next  year.  My  land  is  worth  $3  more  an  acre  free  of  ticks 
than  it  is  when  ticky."  That  kind  of  education  pays, 

I  believe  in  the  use  of  newspapers.  So  far  I  have  made  only  one 
talk  on  this  subject,  and  that  was  out  in  a  cattle  country.  We 
were  there  handling  the  open-range  proposition — extermination  of 


IMPORTANCE    OF    EDUCATION    AND    PUBLICITY.  45 

the  ticks  on  the  open  range.  That  is  a  hard  problem — five  or  six 
hundred  square  miles  with  not  a  fence.  I  gave  them  an  opportunity 
to  ask  questions,  and  after  the  meeting  closed  they  still  kept  on 
asking  questions.  I  have  a  pocket  full  of  letters  saying  this  man 
and  that  man  is  interested  in  this  work  and  has  pledged  himself 
that  he  will  dip  his  cattle;  that  he  will  follow  the  plan  we  outline. 
That  is  good  educational  work,  but  it  will  take  time  to  secure 
results  in  that  kind  of  locality. 

Doctor  MELVIN.  With  reference  to  this  farm-management  problem, 
I  should  like  to  ask  Doctor  Gary  whether  it  would  not  be  feasible  to 
have  special  meetings  for  inspectors.  Of  course  they  should  not  all 
be  held  in  one  place.  They  would  have  to  be  held  at  several  points. 
Would  it  not  be  feasible  to  have  those  who  are  versed  in  farm  manage- 
ment give  instruction  to  our  inspectors  ?  What  is  the  length  of  time 
such  a  course  would  consume? 

Doctor  GARY.  If  the  inspectors  in  one  or  two  States  could  be  gotten 
together  for  two  or  three  days,  and  could  have  a  course  along  the  line 
of  rotation  of  crops,  it  could  be  done  very  cheaply.  Most  of  the  lec- 
turers could  be  gotten  there  for  their  expenses.  I'  think  it  would  be 
a  very  wise  thing  to  have  such  a  meeting  once  a  year.  I  believe 
Georgia  and  Alabama  could  be  combined.  It  would  occupy  two  or 
three  days,  provided  the  men  have  already  had  some  drill  along  these 
lines.  I  hope  Doctor  Melvin  can  see  his  way  clear  to  holding  some 
such  meetings.  I  believe  the  average  man  could  get  a  good  outline 
in  three  days,  with  three  lectures  in  the  morning,  three  in  the  after- 
noon, and  one  at  night.  It  might  even  be  done  in  less  time. 

My  experience  has  taught  me  the  great  value  of  personal  contact 
and  instruction.  We  have  some  15,000  names  on  our  experiment 
station  list,  and  every  time  a  bulletin  is  issued  we  mail  a  copy  to  each 
address;  but  when  I  go  around  over  the  State  with  the  station  super- 
intendent to  lecture  on  the  same  subjects  I  find  that  about  nine  out  of 
ten  of  these  men  have  shoved  these  bulletins  into  pigeonholes,  and  that 
is  the  end  of  them — they  do  not  read  them.  The  same  is  true  of  this 
work.  But  when  we  get  out  and  talk  and  let  them  ask  questions  we 
can  convince  them  as  we  can  in  no  other  way.  This  way  of  educating 
these  rnen  beats  all  the  writing  in  newspapers  or  sending  out  bulletins. 

Doctor  LINCOLN.  In  Tennessee  we  do  not  have  any  trouble  in  get- 
ting in  line  the  farmer  who  has  a  number  of  cattle.  Here  25  cattle 
are  considered  quite  a  bunch.  That  owner  is  easily  reached  by  talking 
the  financial  considerations  to  him.  But  we  do  have  trouble  with 
those  who  own  only  1  or  '2  milch  cows.  If  there  were  some  way  of 
handling  that  class  of  farmers  the  proposition  would  be  much  easier. 

The  CHAIRMAN.   It  is  the  same  way  in  Georgia. 

Doctor  LINCOLN.  I  would  like  to  know  how  to  handle  that  class  of 
men.  They  have  nothing  to  sell,  and  do  not  expect  to  have. 


46  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Doctor  GARY.  When  I  find  a  man  like  that  I  quarantine  his  cattle. 
I  think  we  need  laws  in  the  different  States  by  which  we  can  compel 
men  to  clean  up  their  farms. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  The  greatest  educational  force  has  been  the 
restraint  of  the  cattle  trade.  First  men  learned  that  they  did  not 
want  cattle  coming  from  a  certain  direction  to  pass  through  their 
neighborhood,  because  it  caused  their  own  cattle  to  die.  So  they 
kept  the  cattle  back,  ticks  and  all,  and  that  was  education.  Follow- 
ing upon  that  a  quarantine  line  was  established  from  Virginia  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  the  quarantine  has  increased  in  severity  from  the  time  it 
was  first  established  until  now;  but  even  yet  it  does  not  seem  to  be 
thorough!}7  effective.  There  are  ways  and  ways  of  marketing  cattle, 
and  a  man  who  has  quarantined  cattle  thinks  that  it  does  not  matter 
to  him  whether  his  cattle  are  ticky  or  not.  I  think,  of  course,  being 
an  inspector,  that  wre  should  use  the  strong  arm  of  the  lawr  as  the  main 
factor;  I  believe  we  should  ever  look  to  increasing  the  severity  of 
quarantine  against  the  infected  animal.  The  placing  of  quarantine 
upon  areas  instead  of  counties  has  been  a  move  in  that  direction. 
This  educates  two  classes  of  men — those  who  own  the  cattle,  and  their 
neighbors.  You  are  told  many  times  that  "it  does  not  matter  to 
me,"  but  the  man  who  says  that  forgets.  Next  day  he  is  running  to 
you — "I  would  like  to  take  that  cow  over  to  my  neighbor's."  If  we 
have  good  quarantine  service  it  is  then  that  we  get  in  our  work.  We 
will  have  the  single-cow  man  working  better  than  the  man  with  a 
dozen  cows,  who  intends  to  market  them  November  1 ,  because  he  can 
get  the  ticks  off  by  that  time.  He  has  been  driving  his  ticky  cattle  off 
after  November  1  or  December  15,  as  the  law  may  read.  If  the  States 
will  support  us  there  is  going  to  be  no  driving  of  the  ticky  cattle, 
unless  the  owner  has  done  something  for  them.  We  have  tried  to 
bring  that  matter  before  the  people  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and 
Alabama.  I  believe  even  now  that  the  people  are  waking  up  to  the 
idea  that  their  cattle  may  be  in  quarantine  next  year. 

I  am  talking  about  the  strong-arm  work  in  education.  Some 
people  will  not  or  can  not  read  the  county  papers.  One  of  the  recent 
violations  was  by  a  man  \vho  could  not  read  nor  write  his  name. 
He  depended  on  others.  He  was  told  the  quarantine  expired  Novem- 
ber 1,  when  the  proper  date  was  December  15.  It  must  be  our  part 
as  inspectors  to  know  how  to  get  the  information  to  every  man  who 
has  a  cow.  We  must  put  a  big  red  poster  upon  the  barn  when  a 
place  is  quarantined.  We  must  put  posters  upon  the  quarantine 
line,  in  the  court-house,  and  in  every  suitable  place.  Publication  is 
cheap  as  compared  to  delay  in  enforcement  of  the  law. 


REPORTS    BY    STATE    REPRESENTATIVES.  47 

INTERSTATE  LIVE-STOCK  ASSOCIATION. 

Doctor  LUCKEY.  I  wish  to  take  advantage  of  this  occasion  to 
announce  the  meeting  of  the  Interstate  Live-stock  Association  at 
Jamestown,  Va.,  some  time  in  the  latter  part  of  next  summer.  I 
think  that  if  this  meeting  here  to-day  has  demonstrated  anything  it 
is  the  fact  that  the  officers  of  the  various  States  are  too  far  apart- 
working  in  too  many  directions — and  I  believe  that  the  association 
I  mentioned  should  be  made  a  permanent  one;  it  should  be  attended 
by  representatives  of  all  the  States,  and  should  be  taken  as  authority 
on  matters  of  sanitary  legislation  and  on  contagious  diseases.  I 
promise  }rou  that  I  will  help  to  arrange  a  program  for  the  next  meet- 
ing that  will  be  of  especial  interest  to  all  the  States.  I  want  to  make 
this  suggestion.  There  are  thirteen  States  interested  in  the  exter- 
mination of  ticks;  there  are  other  States  not  interested  at  all,  but 
some  of  them  are  interested  in  breeding  cattle  and  in  the  subject  of 
tuberculosis.  There  is  going  to  be  a  lot  of  money  expended  in  con- 
trolling tuberculosis,  and  those  who  expect  the  northern  people  to 
help  pay  for  the  extermination  of  ticks  will  in  return  have  to  help  the 
northern  people  pay  for  eradicating  tuberculosis.  I  hope  that  you 
will  all  attend  the  meeting  at  Jamestown  in  1907. 

REPORTS  FROM  STATES. 
ALABAMA. 

Doctor  GARY.  This  year  the  work  has  been  extremchr  hard.  The 
Bureau  has  furnished  the  entire  amount  of  money  for  that  work.  I 
was  promised  by  the  State  authorities,  before  Congress  appropriated 
the  money  to  cooperate  with  the  different  States,  that  they  would 
authorize  a  like  amount,  but  when  I  put  the  question  up  to  them 
they  refused.  Doctor  Melvin  took  up  the  work,  and  we  started  in  two 
counties.  We  had  no  law,  and  what  we  have  done  has  been  largely 
along  the  line  of  education,  in  connection  with  the  farmers'  institute 
work.  With  one  inspector  in  each  county,  and  with  what  work  I 
could  do,  we  have  accomplished  something  in  the  line  of  education. 

ARKANSAS. 

Doctor  LENTON.  The  work  has  been  a  study  of  existing  conditions 
rather  than  aggressive  measures  in  tick  eradication.  If  we  can  get 
a  good  idea  of  the  conditions  affecting  this  subject,  we  shall  then  be 
able  to  take  effective  measures  at  a  later  date.  The  inspectors  in 
Benton  County  unfortunately  could  not  get  over  the  whole  county. 
About  two-thirds  of  it  was  inspected.  All  told,  77,171  cattle  were 
inspected;  75,<M).'i  were  clean  and  1,-lSI  ticky.  This  gives  a  little  less 
than  2  per  cent  of  ticky  cattle  in  the  northwestern  county  of  Arkansas. 
2'J:*.VJ—  No.  5)7-07 — -4 


48  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Probably  this  county,  being  next  to  Indian  Territory,  gives  a  far 
worse  showing  than  the  counties  east  of  that  in  the  northern  tier  of 
counties.  Probably  there  will  be  some  counties  in  the  northern  tier 
which  are  completely  free  of  Booplsilus  annulatus.  In  Washington 
County  the  work  was  begun  too  late  to  form  any  definite  idea  of  the 
amount  of  tick  infestation  there.  The  number  of  cattle  inspected 
was  2,003,  with  903  ticky — 45  per  cent.  I  do  not  think  this  is  a  very 
fair  indication,  as  only  four  townships  were  gone  over,  and  those  near 
Indian  Territory.  The  greater  part  of  the  infection  in  northern 
Arkansas  comes  from  the  Indian  Territory.  Other  small  centers  of 
infestation  are  due  to  shipments  of  cattle  by  rail  from  the  Territory 
to  the  States  through  Arkansas,  as  for  instance  where  the  Kansas 
City  Southern  crosses  the  Frisco  line.  There  cattle  are  unloaded 
from  one  system  for  reshipment  on  the  other.  Thus  small  centers 
of  tick  infestation  are  created. 

It  seems  to  me  that  it  would  be  a  very  great  incentive  to  work  in 
tick  eradication  if  our  northern  tier  of  counties  were  allowed  inspec- 
tion all  the  year  round.  Possibly  excepting  Sharp  County  the  whole 
northern  tier  of  counties  might  very  well  be  open  for  inspection  the 
year  round. 

FLORIDA. 

« 

Doctor  DAWSON.  As  I  said  a  while  ago,  Florida  has  not  done  any- 
thing in  regard  to  tick  eradication.  We  look  upon  the  tick  as  a  neces- 
sary evil.  All  the  work  which  has  been  done  has  been  along  the  lines 
of  education — publication  of  bulletins  and  inoculation  of  cattle  against 
Texas  fever.  We  have  quite  a  number  of  men  who  know  all  about 
ticks  and  the  trouble  they  cause,  the  loss  to  cattle  in  flesh  and  milk,  and 
so  on;  but  the  State  is  not  ready  to  take  up  the  question  of  eradicating 
the  tick.  At  least  there  has  been  nothing  done  yet,  and  you  know 
how  long  it  takes  to  do  the  preliminary  work  of  eradication.  How- 
ever, there  is  no  good  reason  why  it  should  not  be  done.  This  is  the 
first  public  recognition  Florida  has  made  of  the  cattle  tick,  and  I  think 
it  would  have  a  big  bearing  upon  the  question  of  taking  up  tick 
eradication  if  I  can  get  a  good  report  of  this  meeting  before  the  board. 

We  have  powers  of  quarantine.  I  frequently  quarantine  animals, 
but  I  have  exercised  the  power  only  against  hydrophobia  and  glanders. 
We  have  not  the  power  to  destroy  any  animal,  but  we  can  quarantine 
them,  which  is  nearly  as  effective.  The  right  to  quarantine  has  never 
been  questioned.  We  just  put  it  in  the  hands  of  a  deputy  sheriff, 
and  if  he  does  not  enforce  it  we  have  a  man  who  will.  Florida  has 
rigid  laws  in  regard  to  public  health,  and  the  people  are  more  or  less 
expectant  of  things  happening  to  them  in  the  way  of  disease.  When 
the  State  board  of  health  was  first  established,  being  a  new  thing, 
there  was  more  or  less  shotgun  talk  in  the  State  in  regard  to  the  en- 


REPORTS  BY  STATE  REPRESENTATIVES.  49 

forcement  of  the  laws,  and  the  people  have  learned  to  respect  our 
public  health  laws;  and  all  the  laws  concerning  the  diseases  of  animals 
are  embodied  in  the  laws  of  the  State  governing  the  public  health. 
I  hope  at  a  future  meeting  that  I  may  be  able  to  report  something 
which  has  been  done. 

GEORGIA. 

Doctor  PAYNE.  The  work  in  Georgia  did  not  commence  until  late  in 
the  season,  the  first  active  work  being  done  the  last  week  in  Septem- 
ber. The  force  consisted  of  four  Bureau  veterinarians  and  ten  agents 
appointed  from  the  different  counties  in  the  State.  The  national 
inspectors  worked  through  cooperation  with  the  State  inspectors. 
The  work  was  started  in  the  mountainous  counties  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State,  and,  while  the  results  of  our  work  were  not  as  satisfac- 
tory as  we  had  hoped  at  the  start,  I  think  we  have  really  accomplished 
some  good.  The  seven  counties  in  which  the  work  was  started  are 
adjoining  the  three  which  are  now  outside  of  the  modified  quarantined 
area.  They  are  hard  counties  to  work  in.  Four  of  the  counties 
have  no  stock  laws  of  any  kind  whatsoever,  so  we  practically  have 
the  same  condition  of  affairs  as  they  have  in  Texas  or  California,  or 
any  other  open-range  territory.  We  have  an  open-range  country, 
and  what  makes  it  worse  is  the  fact  that  the  cattle  must  be  taken  off 
that  open  range  and  kept  in  close  confinement  during  part  of  the 
year.  Some  might  think  that  is  a  good  time  to  rid  the  cattle  of  ticks, 
but  on  account  of  mild  climatic  conditions  in  Georgia  it  has  been 
positively  ascertained  that  tl^e  ticks  are  carried  through  the  winter 
in  sheds  and  other  protected  places.  In  other  words,  the  infestation 
is  kept  in  the  protected  places  during  the  winter  and  is  carried  back 
to  the  open  range  in  the  summer.  From  the  best  knowledge  I  have  I 
do  not  believe  that  the  infestation  remains  on  the  open  range  in  the 
high  pastures  in  the  State  of  Georgia.  From  the  first  of  October  or 
the  middle  of  November  until  the  first  of  April  the  next  spring  the 
cattle  are  not  allowed  to  go  on  the  open  range.  Infestation  does  not 
show  itself  in  the  spring,  nor  until  along  in  the  middle  of  summer. 
There  are  a  few  cattle  kept  in  protected  places  that  have  ticks  on 
them  the  entire  year,  and  they  have  at  least  one  crop  of  ticks  during 
the  winter  season.  For  that  reason  we  have  a  rather  hard  condition 
to  combat  in  Georgia. 

My  views  on  a  number  of  things  arc  somewhat  opposite  to  state- 
ments which  have  been  made  here  to-day.  But  perhaps  somebody 
can  enlighten  us,  so  we  can  better  combat  the  conditions  which  prevail 
in  my  State.  There  has  boon  a  great  deal  said  about  education. 
Education  to  a  certain  extent  is  undeniably  a  good  thing,  but  you 
may  call  upon  a  stock  owner  and  find  his  cattle  infested,  and  quar- 
antine them,  and  spend  all  the  time  that  you  think  is  necessary  to 


50  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

enlighten  him,  to  the  best  of  your  knowledge,  on  every  point.  Return 
to  his  premises  in  a  week  or  ten  days,  and  you  will  find  that  no  effort 
whatever  has  been  made  to  follow  the  instructions.  You  may  talk 
to  him  again,  and  come  back  in  two  or  three  weeks  more  and  find  the 
same  condition  of  affairs.  After  you  have  called  upon  this  stock 
owner  three,  four,  or  five  times,  I  think  the  time  has  come  to  stop 
your  education  and  pursue  some  stricter  measure.  That  is  the  state 
of  affairs  in  a  number  of  counties  in  our  State.  I  am  glad  to  be  able 
to  say  that  in  some  of  the  other  counties,  where  we  have  a  better  class 
of  citizens,  we  find  it  easier.  In  three  counties  we  have  stock  laws, 
or  what  are  known  as  no-fence  laws;  that  is,  there  are  no  fences 
around  the  crops;  but  even  in  those  counties  the  cattle  are  found  at 
times  on  the  highways.  We  have  accomplished  considerable  good 
in  those  three  counties,  and  I  believe  that  if  the  work  is  carried  on 
and  a  close  supervision  maintained  up  to  the  first  of  July  or  August  at 
the  outside,  we  can  eliminate  the  tick  from  those  three  counties. 

Doctor  GARY.  I  would  like  to  ask  what  percentage  of  men  he  finds 
who  will  not  do  anything  after  these  visits. 

Doctor  PAYNE.  We  can  not  apply  the  rotation  of  pastures  in  those 
open-range  counties,  consequently  that  does  away  with  the  rotation 
of  pastures.  I  can  safely  say  that  in  the  four  counties  with  15,000  cat- 
tle in  which  the  cattle  owners  have  been  instructed  to  pick  and  grease 
their  cattle,  there  are  not  100  cattle  that  have  been  thoroughly 
cleaned.  It  has  been  stated  here  to-day  that  that  is  one  way  to  erad- 
icate ticks — to  thoroughly  pick  and  grease — with  which  I  concur. 
But  I  do  not  find  one  man  out  of  a  hundred  who  will  thoroughly 
grease  or  pick  the  cattle.  On  reinspections,  where  we  expect  to  get 
the  best  results,  we  find  that  prominent  men,  whom  we  expect  to  assist 
us  in  the  work,  have  not  picked  their  cattle  clean  and  the  greasing 
has  not  been  thorough. 

KENTUCKY. 

Doctor  EISENMAN.  Geographically  Kentucky  is  so  situated  that  if 
Tennessee  would  take  care  of  itself  Kentucky  would  get  the  benefit. 
In  former  years  we  had  a  good  deal  of  Texas  fever,  this  being  due  to 
the  irregular  handling  of  cattle  at  the  Bourbon  Stock  Yards,  but 
since  we  have  had  a  corps  of  efficient  inspectors  at  the  yards  we  have 
had  no  recurrence  of  Texas  fever,  with  the  exception  of  last  year, 
when  I  think  there  were  in  all  three  cases,  the  infection  being  intro- 
duced from  the  slaughterhouse. 

Kentucky  has  the  best  of  laws,  I  believe,  for  the  control  of  infectious 
diseases  in  the  human  family  and  in  cattle.  They  are  operated 
under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  State  board  of  health,  and  the 
work  is  done  effectively.  The  counties  of  Clinton,  Wayne,  and 
Pulaski  have  been  in  quarantine  for  five  or  six  years,  but  I  never  had 


REPORTS  BY  STATE  REPRESENTATIVES.  51 

the  pleasure  of  making  a  visit  to  those  counties,  for  I  could  never  get 
the  county  officials  to  recommend  that  there  was  anything  there 
requiring  my  services.  In  cases  of  that  kind  we  fall  back  on  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  We  are  very  willing  to  delegate  the 
authority  to  exterminate  the  tick. 

Personally,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  this  body  should  go  on  record 
as  favoring  some  suitable  laws,  such  as  Mr.  McCabe  suggested — some- 
thing that  will  be  uniform  and,  as  far  as  possible,  apply  to  all  the  tick 
territory.  Whenever  the  cattlemen  or  some  few  of  us  who  are  inter- 
ested in  this  work  propose  anything,  we  always  meet  with  the  same 
old  cry — "There  is  somebody  who  wants  a  job."  That  kind  of  oppo- 
sition is  very  hard  to  get  over.  We  were  successful  in  enacting  a 
glanders  law  about  five  years  ago,  because  fortunately  the  infection 
appeared  at  a  place  right  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  best 
race-horse  farms  in  the  country,  and  of  course  that  brought  the  best 
people  to  the  legislature,  which  was  in  session  at  the  time,  and  in  less 
than  twenty-four  hours  we  had  a  very  suitable  law.  I  do  not  know  of 
anything  that  will  operate  so  effectively  to  get  proper  State  laws  and 
appropriations  commensurate  with  the  amount  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry  is  willing  to  expend  as  to  make  it  known  to  the  people  that 
it  is  not  a  local  matter  but  a  national  one  and  that  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  have  their  cooperation. 

I  would  ask  Doctor  Ellenberger  to  give  us  a  synopsis  of  his  report 
on  certain  counties.  The  State  veterinarian,  whenever  an  applica- 
tion is  made  to  look  up  a  suspicious  case,  is  very  politely  informed 
that  there  is  nothing  there  and  his  services  are  not  required. 

Doctor  ELLENBERGER.  In  reference  to  the  work  in  Kentucky,  we 
first  started  b}'  meeting  the  boards  of  health  of  Wayne,  Clinton,  and 
Pulaski  counties.  Pulaski  County  is  really  free  of  infection,  but  a 
little  corner  of  it  was  left  below  the  line  simply  for  a  shipping  point 
from  the  infected  territory  of  Wayne  and  Clinton  counties,  as  there 
had  to  be  some  way  out  for  these  southern  cattle.  We  started  in  the 
work  by  visiting  these  counties  and  meeting  the  county  boards  of 
health  and  as  many  stockmen  as  we  could  get  together,  simply  to  find 
out  if  they  were  willing  to  get  together  this  yoar.  The  county  boards 
of  health  were  not  particularly  interested,  and  they  were  not  willing  to 
go  ahead  unless  urged,  so  we  got  the  principal  stockmen  to  urge  the 
county  boards  of  health  to  take  up  the  work.  It  took  considerable 
time,  and  it  was  well  along  in  August  before  we  got  Wayne  County 
interested.  In  Clinton  County  they  commenced  at  once  by  appoint- 
ing one  man  to  look  over  the  county.  By  the  time  the  Bureau  got 
ready  to  organize,  the  county  had  appointed  the  magistrate  of  each 
precinct  to  take  up  the  work  as  an  inspector,  and  the  Bureau  put  in  as 
many  men  as  were  considered  necessary.  We  were  very  much  sur- 
prised to  find  that  the  northern  part  of  Clinton  County  was  generally 


52  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE   TICK. 

infected,  and  that  the  infection  had  extended  into  Russell  and  also 
Cumberland.  That  required  more  help,  and  we  put  more  men  in 
there  than  we  at  first  thought  necessary.  But  the  counties  came  to 
the  front  readily,  and  Wayne  County  had  two  men  on  from  the  time  the 
work  was  begun  and  four  men  part  of  the  time.  Clinton  County  had  on 
five  men  a  portion  of  the  time  and  then  cut  down  the  number  to  two 
men — that  is,  in  addition  to  the  work  the  Bureau  did.  There  was  no 
trouble  in  getting  Cumberland  County  interested,  and  that  county 
employed  two  inspectors.  In  Russell  County  there  was  a  very  small 
section  infected.  Out  of  37  farms  in  that  section  7  were  found  to  be 
infected  or  exposed.  The  cattle  were  running  at  large  in  that  neigh- 
borhood. The  inspectors  reported  that  on  reinspecting  these  farms  as 
many  as  three  or  four  times  no  ticks  were  found.  I  think  we  have 
accomplished  a  great  deal.  We  have  done  better  work  in  those  coun- 
ties than  in  similar  territory  in  Tennessee.  The  county  boards  of 
health  came  to  the  front  and  cooperated  very  well. 

LOUISIANA. 

Professor  NEWELL.  Louisiana  has  no  live-stock  sanitary  law  under 
which  the  diseases  of  live  stock  can  be  controlled  with  certainty.  We 
have  not  only  Texas  fever  to  contend  with,  but  also  charbon  or  an- 
thrax. However,  we  have  a  crop  pest  law  which  gives  the  crop  pest 
commission  the  power  to  make  and  enforce  regulations  to  prevent  the 
spread  or  introduction  of  crop  pests.  Our  best  lawyers,  district 
attorneys,  and  the  governor  (who  is  ex-State  attorney)  construed 
that  law  in  its  broadest  sense — that  cattle  are  a  crop;  therefore  a  tick 
must  be  a  crop  pest.  Our  crop  pest  commission,  therefore,  can  make 
regulations  dealing  with  this  as  well  as  any  other  crop  pest;  and  the 
statute  that  created  that  crop  pest  commission  gave  it  the  power  to 
make  all  necessary  regulations  and  do  all  things  necessary  to  prevent 
the  moving  of  any  and  all  things  whenever  such  movement  might  cause 
the  spread  of  any  crop  pest.  We  can  take  hold  of  the  tick  with  these 
regulations  and  incidentally  we  shall  have  taken  hold  of  Texas  fever. 

In  Louisiana  I  think  we  have  undoubtedly  the  most  heavily  infested 
portion  of  the  United  States.  You  people,  who  are  working  along  the 
quarantine  line  and  in  the  mountain  counties  only,  hardly  know  what 
tick  infestation  is.  We  have  not  established  very  many  dipping  vats 
in  Louisiana,  but  nearly  all  we  have  established  are  used  in  tick  work. 
The  work  was  commenced  along  in  1897  or  1898,  when  Professor 
Morgan  realized  that  we  had  conditions  in  Louisiana,  with  our  humid 
climate,  where  the  life  history  of  the  tick  differed  from  what  investi- 
gators found  elsewhere.  Professors  Morgan  and  Dalrymple  met  with 
a  very  favorable  reception  on  the  part  of  the  people.  Bulletins  Nos. 
82  and  84  of  the  experiment  station  were  issued  last  year  and  have 
already  been  exhausted.  At  the  present  time  we  are  getting  a  great 


REPORTS  BY  STATE  REPRESENTATIVES.  53 

many  requests  from  the  people  for  tick  literature.  We  realize  that 
the  work  must  be  educational.  We  can  not  go  against  public  senti- 
ment, and  we  are  slowly  getting  the  people  to  understand  that  here  is 
one  of  the  greatest  problems  that  has  ever  affected  the  prosperity  of 
Louisiana  agriculture.  We  now  have  in  different  parts  of  the  State 
men  who  are  undertaking  the  eradication  of  ticks  upon  their  own 
farms.  Among  the  obstacles  wre  have  to  contend  with,  perhaps  the 
greatest  is  the  objection  brought  forward  by  the  man  wrho  eradicates 
the  tick  from  his  premises  while  his  neighbors  do  not  do  likewise.  We 
have  no  quarantine  line  to  push  south  or  west  or  east.  We  have  to 
start  somewhere,  and,  after  establishing  a  small  tick-free  area,  enlarge 
it.  The  question  is  to  find  the  point  and  make  the  start.  Even  if  we 
start  on  one  man's  farm  he  brings  up  this  argument:  "  I  do  not  want 
to  free  my  cattle.  Some  one  else's  cattle  will  break  in  here  and  I  will 
get  a  bad  case  of  fever.  I  would  rather  keep  down  the  ticks."  This 
is  one  of  the  hardest  things  we  have  to  overcome.  We  have  the  free 
range  practically  everywhere,  and  we  have  got  to  bring  the  people  to 
realize  that  the  free  range  must  go.  We  have  conditions  in  different 
parts  of  the  State  which  vary  greatly.  We  have  rice,  we  have  sugar- 
cane, and  we  have  great  cotton  fields;  then  we  have  the  pine  lands  and 
the  uplands.  In  north  Louisiana  you  can  find  almost  as  many  dif- 
ferent methods  of  farming  as  in  all  the  rest  of  the  South. 

Our  crop  pest  commission  has  been  doing  work  in  cooperation  with 
the  experiment  stations  for  something  over  a  year.  Our  commission 
has  spent  already  in  the  neighborhood  of  $2,000,  principally  along 
the  lines  of  life  history  and  biology,  and  we  have  a  few  thousand  dol- 
lars more  which  we  expect  to  expend  in  this  way;  and  we  expect  to 
get  a  good  appropriation  from  the  next  legislature.  Our  work  in 
Louisiana,  I  am  glad  to  say,  has  been  received  very  favorably,  and 
tick  eradication  strikes  the  people  as  something  worth  looking  into. 
Doctor  Curtice  has  accused  me  of  being  a  pessimist,  but  we  are  not 
pessimists  in  Louisiana.  At  the  same  time  we  do  not  want  to  under- 
estimate the  magnitude  of  the  work  which  we  have  before  us;  and 
while  we  shall  work  faithfully  and  as  long  as  we  have  anything  to 
work  with,  yet  for  my  part  I  expect  to  see  Louisiana  the  last  strong- 
hold which  will  have  to  be  taken  by  this  army  of  exterminators;  but 
by  that  time  I  think  we  shall  have  weakened  the  forces  of  the  tick 
somewhat  in  that  State. 

NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  In  the  two  States  that  I  have  represented  (Vir- 
ginia and  North  Carolina)  the  work  has  been  conducted  very  differ- 
ently. We  began  very  early  in  North  Carolina;  Doctor  Butler  was 
already  doing  excellent  work  in  that  State,  and  it  seemed  to  be  a 
good  plan,  at  least  for  this  year,  for  the  (lovermfient  inspectors  to 


54  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

overlook  the  work  which  had  already  been  done  in  part.  Five  coun- 
ties— Polk,  Mecklenburg,  Cabarrus,  Davidson,  and  Forsyth — will,  I 
think,  be  released  from  quarantine,  and  parts  of  McDowell  and 
Rowan.  Doctor  Butler's  system  has  been  in  the  past  not  to  release 
a  county  before  he  had  confidence  that  not  more  than  12  herds  would 
be  left  infected  in  that  county  for  quarantine  work  the  next  year.  He 
has  merely  adhered  to  the  same  rule  in  this  instance,  with  the  excep- 
tions that  in  Rowan  there  may  be  about  20  herds  next  year,  and  in 
Davidson  there  are  now  30  in  one  locality,  but  they  will  be  reduced  to 
about  half.  He  has  four  other  counties — Yadkin,  Rutherford,  Cleve- 
land, and  McDowell — on  which  he  has  been  at  work  two  or  three 
years;  and  I  think  that  Rutherford  will  not  have  20  herds  infected 
next  year,  Cleveland  will  have  30  to  40,  McDowell  perhaps  as  many, 
and  Yadkin,  which  had  100,  may  have  about  5.  No  new  territory 
has  been  taken  up  by  him  this  year.  He  has  held  out  three  coun- 
ties—  Anson,  Union,  and  Stanly,  east  of  the  Catawba  River-  for  work 
next  year,  and  seven  or  eight  on  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
State  contiguous  to  the  area,  which  must  be  worked  with  Virginia. 
The  main  part  of  the  work  in  North  Carolina  has  been  done  through 
local  inspectors  by  Doctor  Butler.  Our  men  have  worked  there  two 
months  and  a  half  and  have  made  good  progress,  but,  as  Doctor  But- 
ler says,  you  can  not  do  it  in  a  season.  There  will  be  less  infection 
next  year,  but  the  main  part  of  the  work  is  coining  then.  We  have 
not  gone  into  the  counties  in  that  State  with  any  idea  that  the  work 
of  one  season  would  educate  the  men  or  completely  clear  the  areas. 
Doctor  Butler's  difficulty  has  been  for  some  years  in  not  finding 
enough  infection  in  some  of  the  northern  counties.  You  have  to 
hunt  close  to  find  the  infection.  For  example,  in  Forsyth  there  were 
3  herds  in  the  southern  part  recently  infected.  I  believe  that  if  we 
had  proceeded  a  month  earlier  in  Forsyth  County  we  might  not  have 
found  infection  in  the  southern  part.  It  had  been  driven  in  from 
counties  that  were  not  quarantined  against — Stokes  on  the  north,  in 
the  group  of  counties  in  which  he  was  working.  The  two  tiers  of 
counties  to  the  east  of  Guilford  are  about  in  the  same  condition.  We 
may  or  may  not  find  infection  in  those  counties,  as  it  has  been  grad- 
ually decreasing. 

OKLAHOMA. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  The  Bureau  in  its  regulations  last  year  provided  for 
the  movement  of  cattle  from  most  of  the  counties  in  which  we  have 
made  investigations  this  year.  The  Territory  never  permitted  the 
movement  of  cattle  out  of  those  counties  under  those  regulations 
simply  from  the  fact  that  they  are  so  much  infested  that  we  did  not 
think  it  was  safe;  but  the  coming  year  we  have  asked  for  the  same 
regulations.  We  think  we  have  all  the  herds  under  quarantine  and 


REPORTS  BY  STATE  REPRESENTATIVES.  55 

such  herds  will  be  safe  the  coming  year.  When  we  make  an  investi- 
gation of  a  part  of  a  county,  locate  infection  and  quarantine  it,  we 
immediately  establish  a  subquarantine  line  to  the  east  of  that,  so  that 
no  cattle  can  get  in  and  reinfest  it.  That  is  a  precautionary  measure, 
and  I  think  a  very  good  one.  It  holds  that  county  free  from  any 
infection  from  the  outside.  In  the  work  we  quarantined  about  1,500 
pastures.  That  gives  you  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  work 
that  was  done  in  Oklahoma  for  this  year.  In  the  little  talk  I  made 
before  I  gave  the  conditions  there. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Doctor  KLEIN.  South  Carolina  has  no  law  which  will  enable  the 
State  officials  to  control  the  movement  of  cattle  within  the  State. 
The  only  law  we  have  enables  us  to  isolate  and  quarantine  animals 
that  are  visibly  affected  with  the  contagious  diseases  which  are 
dangerous  to  life.  Under  those  circumstances  we  have  the  right  to 
quarantine  a  farm  and  make  such  disposition  of  the  animals  as  the 
welfare  of  the  community  may  make  necessary.  However,  about  a 
year  ago  I  began  in  an  experimental  way,  in  cooperation  with  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  to  test  certain  methods  of  eradicating 
cattle  ticks.  I  have  only  been  able  to  give  such  time  to  this  work  as 
I  could  spare  from  my  other  duties.  I  have  succeeded,  however,  in 
reducing  the  infection  in  Oconee  County  to  about  one-half.  We  have 
there  now  5  areas  of  infection,  and  in  these  we  have  a  total  of  11 
farms.  On  3  of  these  farms  the  work  of  tick  eradication  was  begun 
this  fall.  On  the  other  8  farms  work  was  begun  last  fall  but  was  not 
persisted  in  by  the  owners  of  the  cattle.  Having  no  authority  to 
quarantine  the  cattle,  I  had  no  means  of  causing  the  owners  to  con- 
tinue this  work. 

The  greatest  obstacle  in  the  way  of  tick  eradication  in  South  Caro- 
lina is  the  small  importance  of  the  cattle  industry.  Very  many  men 
there  have  no  cattle  except  the  family  milk  cow,  and  very  few  of  them 
in  the  State  know  anything  about  the  Texas  fever  quarantine  line. 
They  do  not  know  that  they  can  not  ship  their  cattle  out  of  the  State 
if  they  want  to.  It  is  only  the  few  men  who  have  herds  of  thorough- 
bred dairy  cattle  who  ha've  had  orders  from  States  north  of  South 
Carolina  who  have  come  into  contact  with  the  quarantine  law  and 
who  are  therefore  interested  in  tick  eradication.  These  men,  how- 
ever, are  rendering  great  assistance  in  the  endeavors  now  being  made 
to  have  a  suitable  law  passed  by  the  legislature  at  its  meeting  in  Jan- 
uary. The  members  of  the  South  Carolina  Live  Stock  Association 
and  also  members  of  the  South  Carolina  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
Society,  which  two  organizations  include  most  of  the  influential  men 
of  the  State,  have  appointed  committees  to  draft  a  bill  and  present  it 
at  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature,  and  appear  before  the  com- 


56  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

mittee  that  may  have  it  in  charge,  to  urge  its  passage.  The  chances 
are  greatly  in  favor  of  the  passage  of  the  bill  with  an  appropriation  of 
a  small  sum  of  money  to  take  up  the  work. 

TENNESSEE. 

Mr.  KITTRELL.  Tennessee  has  a  law  relating  to  communicable 
diseases  among  domestic  animals,  but,  as  Major  Pettibone  said,  it  is 
not  thoroughly  known  among  all  the  people  of  Tennessee  that  such 
a  law  exists.  Although  it  has  been  preached  from  Memphis  to 
Bristol,  yet,  like  the  Bible,  not  all  men  have  heard  of  it  or  have  felt 
that  they  need  it  in  their  business.  This  law  is  not  altogether  a  per- 
fect law;  it  has  defects,  but  it  has  some  force  in  that  it  has  clothed 
the  commissioner  of  agriculture  of  Tennessee  and  the  live-stock  com- 
missioner with  power  to  make  rules  and  regulations  governing  the 
movement  and  the  control  of  cattle,  and  it  also  provides  that  the 
boards  of  health  of  the  various  counties  of  Tennessee  shall  act  under 
the  direction  of  the  live-stock  commissioner  and  the  commissioner  of 
agriculture.  We  have  assumed  that  we  have  the  power  to  make 
these  rules  and  regulations.  We  have  assumed  that  we  have  the 
right  to  accept  the  propositions  made  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  and  use  for  our  benefit  the  appropriation  lately  made  by 
Congress;  and  we  made  rules  and  supplements  to  our  general  rules, 
which  I  admit  were  of  little  value  because  there  was  so  much  of  them 
that  people  did  not  read  them. 

It  has  been  my  custom  since  I  have  been  in  office  to  issue  rules  and 
regulations  in  conformity  with  those  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  and  I  have  distributed  them  to  the  boards  of  health.  Each 
member  of  the  boan}  of  health  in  every  county  in  the  State  received 
copies,  and  we  inclosed  a  copy  of  this  law  to  every  county  clerk.  In 
visiting  these  boards  of  health,  to  advise  with  them  about  the  manner 
of  taking  up  this  work,  I  have  asked  them  about  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions, and  in  many  cases  they  have  told  me  that  they  had  not  received 
them.  I  know  that  I  sent  them.  They  had  never  been  opened,  and 
thus  had  failed  to  do  what  they  were  intended  to  do. 

I  have  made  it  a  point  during  my  administration  to  go  over  the 
State  with  the  county  institutes  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  com- 
missioner of  agriculture.  Sometimes  these  were  very  largely  attended. 
In  other  cases  only  40  or  50  out  of  a  county  attended,  where  there 
were  possibly  2,500  voters.  I  presented  this  matter  as  best  I  could. 
Maybe  out  of  that  40,  50,  or  75  farmers  there  were  some  who  came 
to  learn  how  to  grow  wheat,  others  to  raise  some  other  crop,  and  com- 
paratively few  to  learn  anything  about  the  live-stock  industry,  but 
I  can  now  begin  to  see  the  fruits  of  that  work.  While  a  great  many 
have  not  felt  any  benefit  from  this  teaching,  some  have,  and  the  ideas 
have  been  gradually  disseminated. 


REPORTS  BY  STATE  REPRESENTATIVES.  57 

Another  thing  that  has  brought  about  some  education  among  these 
people  has  been  a  few  prosecutions  and  convictions.  We  have  prose- 
cuted three  this  year,  and  have  convicted  all  three.  Prior  to  that  we 
had  prosecuted  three  and  convicted  them  all,  which  was  a  great  lesson 
to  them.  When  this  supplement  was  issued,  and  the  agents  from  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  were  commissioned  by  the  commissioner 
of  agriculture  and  the  State  live-stock  commissioner  to  enter  counties 
and  to  enforce  rules  and  regulations  for  quarantining  and  disinfection, 
they  were  resisted  for  a  while,  but  some  of  the  counties  which  most 
stubbornly  resisted  are  the  counties  that  are  most  readily  cooperating 
to-day;  and  I  believe  that  that  appropriaton  and  that  method  of  carry- 
ing on  this  work  have  been  a  godsend  to  Tennessee  and  will  be  to  all 
of  the  Southern  States  that  will  avail  themselves  of  it. 

We  had  in  Tennessee  forty-one  counties  more  or  less  infected  and 
under  absolute  or  provisional  quarantine,  but  by  hard  work  and  by 
teaching  the  people  we  have  been  able  to  clean  up  some  of  this  area; 
yet  most  of  the  results  that  have  been  accomplished  are  not  due  espe- 
cially to  any  efforts  of  my  own  or  of  the  inspectors  but  to  the  natural 
location  and  conditions.  We  have  been  able  to  locate,  we  think,  all  of 
the  infection  in  the  State  and  to  fairly  control  the  same.  Having 
done  this,  we  found  that  some  counties  were  peculiarly  located.  For 
instance,  a  great  part  of  a  county  would  be  exposed  by  an  open  range, 
while  the  other  portion  was  in  cultivation  or  covered  with  grass  and 
under  fence,  and  that  part  of  the  county  would  be  free  from  ticks. 
The  reason  that  they  have  not  had  relief  is  simply  because  the  Govern- 
ment, or  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  did  not  have  full  faith  and 
confidence  in  the  people  on  account  of  their  inactivity  in  helping  to 
enforce  the  rules  and  regulations,  and  because  these  herds  were  exposed 
to  the  open  range.  Now  the  people  who  have  learned  the  necessity 
of  cooperating  with  the  Government  have  appointed  county  inspect- 
ors, and  have  pledged  themselves  to  cooperate  with  the  Govern- 
ment and  with  the  State  and  county  authorities,  and  in  that  way  have 
restored  confidence.  They  have  got  in  touch  with  one  another  and 
are  working  in  perfect  harmony,  and  the  result  will  be,  I  think,  that 
Tennessee  will  get  about  thirteen  counties  relieved  in  whole  or  in  part 
after  another  year. 

The  result  of  this  investigation  shows — and  a  recommendation  to 
that  effect  lias  already  been  forwarded  to  the  Bureau — that  six  coun- 
ties should  be  relieved  from  Federal  quarantine  for  next  year.  That 
does  not  mean  that  no  infection  exists  in  any  of  them,  because  the 
reports  show  that  it  does,  but  the  infection  is  confined,  and  the  condi- 
tions are  so  favorable  as  to  warrant  the  release  from  Federal  quaran- 
tine, as  it  can  be  controlled  by  local  quarantine.  Outside  of  these  six 
counties  we  hope  to  get  partial  relief  in  other  counties — that  is,  get 
absolute  exemption  for  a  great  portion  of  seven  other  counties,  and  in 


58  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

two  other  counties  we  hope  to  have  the  quarantine  made  provisional 
or  rather  modified,  so  that  cattle  can  be  inspected  and  allowed  to  move 
upon  a  certificate. 

We  have  gone  along  slowly  in  this  matter.  We  commenced  not 
knowing  how  to  undertake  the  work.  We  were  handicapped  in  two 
ways.  In  the  first  place,  we  did  not  thoroughly  understand  the  life 
and  habits  of  the  thing  we  had  to  deal  with.  After  learning  that,  we 
needed  the  cooperation  of  the  people,  and  they  did  not  understand. 
After  giving  them  a  more  comprehensive  knowledge  of  the  nature  of 
this  thing  wre  were  handicapped  on  account  of  a  lack  of  means  to 
carry  on  the  work. 

This  State  appropriates  $2,500  for  expenses.  This  does  not  include 
the  salary  of  the  live-stock  commissioner,  but  is  for  the  expenses  of  the 
inspectors  to  carry  on  this  work.  That  is  not  sufficient  for  even  the 
force  we  have,  and  this  force  was  not  sufficient  to  cover  the  area.  We 
covered  all  the  area  we  could,  and  by  another  season  the  same  area  will 
need  re-covering;  but  this  reenforcement  by  the  Government  has 
enabled  us  to  cover  nearly  all  the  area  along  the  southern  boundary  of 
the  State. 

TEXAS. 

Doctor  PARKER.  The  State  has  had  three  men  actively  at  work  in  the 
investigations  most  of  the  time,  beginning  in  the  northern  part  of  Texas 
about  the  1st  of  September  and  in  central  Texas  about  the  15th  of 
September.  During  a  small  portion  of  the  time  there  has  been  one 
other  inspector  on  this  work.  The  regular  quarantine  force  of  the 
State  for  the  enforcement  of  the  quarantine  line  has  been  doing  work 
of  inestimable  value  in  connection  with  tick  eradication,  because  .the 
enforcement  of  the  quarantine  prohibiting  cattle  from  movement  is 
the  first  essential  of  our  work.  If  we  allow  ticky  cattle  to  move  there 
is  no  use  in  trying  to  eradicate  the  tick;  so  we  can  not  say  that  the 
State  of  Texas  has  not  helped.  Much  good  has  resulted  from  the 
work  of  these  three  inspectors  as  a  result  of  their  familiarity  with  the 
country  and  their  knowledge  of  the  people  and  of  the  ranch  methods. 
The  Bureau  had  ten  men  in  the  field  a  part  of  the  time,  but  the  number 
is  now  cut  down  to  eight,  I  believe,  and  I  am  afraid  it  will  be  cut 
down  some* more.  We  have  not  had  a  large  force,  considering  the 
territory  we  have  had  to  work  in.  There  are  nineteen  entire  coun- 
ties and  portions  of  three  other  counties  above  the  quarantine  line  in 
Texas  that  are  more  or  less  infected.  One  county,  I  believe,  will 
run  as  high  as  75  or  80  per  cent  infected;  others  run  less. 

In  Childress  County  we  have  inspected  23  premises,  covering  54,260 
acres,  with  7,875  cattle — selecting  those  premises  which  were  most 
likely  to  be  ticky — but  we  have  found  no  ticks.  The  inspections  were 
carefully  made,  and  the  cattle  from  many  of  these  ranches  were 


REPORTS  BY  STATE  REPRESENTATIVES.  59 

inspected  at  various  times  through  the  summer,  and  at  no  time  have 
ticks  been  found  originating  in  Childress ;  so  we  have  recommended 
that  Childress  be  released  from  quarantine. 

Cottle  County  has  6  premises  out  of  10  free  of  infection.  There  are 
practically  no  small  farms.  Ten  big  ranches  constitute  the  county, 
of  which  6  are  free,  covering  25,420  acres,  with  4,140  cattle,  and  4  are 
infected,  comprising  154,600  acres,  with  10,700  cattle.  I  believe  we 
have  gone  over  all  the  ranches  in  Cottle  County.  They  were  only 
slightly  infected  and  on  some  of  the  pastures  of  the  ranches  no  ticks 
were  found.  We  expect  to  have  Cottle  County  free  from  infection  by 
June.  The  work  was  done  on  all  of  those  ranches  in  Cottle  County 
before  the  late  severe  weather,  and  in  most  cases  the  cattle  have  been 
transferred  to  clean  pasture,  leaving  the  infected  portions  vacant  over 
winter.  If  necessary,  extra  line  riders  may  be  dispensed  with.  We 
have  reasonable  assurance  of  success  in  Cottle  County,  and  if  ticks 
are  found  next  spring  the  ranchmen  are  posted  and  will  dip  as  soon  as 
they  find  them. 

Hardeman  County  has  190  premises  with  160,572  acres,  and  17,596 
cattle  free  from  infection;  39  premises  with  80,038  acres,  and  6,004 
cattle  were  infected.  There  are  6  dipping  vats,  including  those  which 
are  in  or  to  be  put  in  as  rapidly  as  the  carpenters  can  be  had  to  put 
them  in. 

Foard  County  is  heavily  infested;  5  premises,  with  98,440  acres 
and  10,035  cattle,  were  found  to  be  free,  and  10  premises,  with  68,940 
acres  and  16,335  cattle,  were  found  infested.  There  are  7  dipping  vats 
on  the  10  ranches.  Foard  County  is  about  half  inspected.  The 
balance  will  probably  show  about  the  same  percentage  of  infection. 

Wilbarger  County  is  very  generally  ticky,  but  is  being  rapidly  set- 
tled by  farmers,  and  we  have  compelled  the  small  farmers  to  clean 
up  and  show  clean  premises.  We  have  just  struck  Wilbarger  at  the 
right  time.  Forty  premises,  with  28,290  acres  and  1,399  cattle, 
are  free  from  infection;  36  premises  infected  as  far  as  reported, 
with  75,500  acres  and  9,007  cattle.  They  have  S  dipping  vats  in  or 
ordered  in. 

King  County  is  another  which  we  expect  to  show  free  from  infec- 
tion by  June  30.  There  is  a  very  small  percentage  of  infection  and 
it  is  light,  and  the  pastures  are  not  timbered  to  amount  to  anything, 
nor  very  rough.  Nine  premises,  with  846,800  acres  and  50,400  cattle, 
are  free  from  infection,  and  3  premises,  with  19,640  acres  and  2,800 
cattle,  are  infected.  One  dipping  vat  is  in  and  2  more  are  to  go  in. 

In  Knox  County  everything  so  far  as  reported  is  infected.  There 
are  very  few  clean  cattle  in  Knox  County:  7  premises  are  infected. 
with  124,020  acres,  13,450  cattle,  and  4  dipping  vats.  It  will  take 
them  two  years  to  clean  these  up. 


60  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

The  total  inspections  made  in  Texas  show  315  premises,  with 
1,349,564  acres  and  101,448  cattle,  free  from  infection;  220  premises 
infected,  with  2,582,883  acres,  156,110  cattle,  and  69  dipping  vats  in 
or  ordered  in.  In  addition  the  live-stock  sanitary  commission  has 
adopted  regulations  which  will  be  of  great  benefit,  and  the  commission 
will  see  that  these  regulations  are  strictly  enforced.  As  these  ranches 
have  to  depend  on  cattle  alone  for  their  income,  uninfected  localities 
like  Sterling  and  south  Mitchell  counties  have  been  allowed  to  drive 
their  cattle  over  certain  trails  as  southern  cattle.  That  is  to  stop 
absolutely  January  1. 

There  are  some  propositions  from  the  heart  of  the  tick  country  from 
people  wanting  us  to  take  up  the  work  there.  These  are  only  isolated 
cases  generally,  for  of  course  a  ranchman  can  not  afford  to  raise  cat- 
tle that  are  not  immune,  as  long  as  he  depends  on  the  surrounding 
ticky  country  for  a  market  for  his  stockers.  He  must  find  a  market 
for  tick-free  cattle  and  establish  that  market  before  we  can  persuade 
him  to  clean  up.  I  do  not  think  it  is  advisable  to  clean  up  any  local- 
ity below  the  line  unless  we  can  get  the  consent  of  every  one  in  that 
locality.  We  must  have  the  sentiment  of  the  people  with  us.  I  have 
thought  of  asking  the  legislature  to  enact  a  law  leaving  it  to  a  kind 
of  local  option,  like  the  local  option  on  the  liquor  question,  so  that 
whenever  a  certain  number  of  the  people  shall  apply  for  an  election 
it  shall  be  held,  and  if  the  people  are  in  favor  of  compulsory  measures 
they  shall  be  put  into  effect. 

VIRGINIA. 

Mr.  BROWN.  The  cattle  in  about  two-thirds  of  the  State  of  Virginia 
are  infected  with  ticks.  The  southeastern  portion  of  the  State  is 
infected,  and  it  is  the  work  of  the  board  to  try  to  educate  the  people 
up  to  improving  conditions.  We  believe  we  have  got  on  the  right 
track,  and  this  year  we  have  received  most  substantial  assistance 
from  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  enabling  us  to  extend  educa- 
tion among  the  people,  and  I  think  that  work  has  borne  valuable 
fruit.  As  I  am  simply  chairman  of  the  board  and  not  immediately 
in  touch  with  the  work  in  the  field,  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  have  Doctor 
Curtice  occupy  the  rest  of  my  time  and  tell  of  the  actual  work  that 
has  been  done  in  Virginia. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  In  Virginia  the  work  has  been  done  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  board  of  control,  the  boards  of  supervisors  of  the  counties 
affected,  and  the  inspectors — one  for  each  district — appointed  by 
them.  These  inspectors,  about  fifty  in  number,  have  worked  for 
periods  varying  from  three  weeks  to  a  month.  Some  individuals  have 
continued  their  work  somewhat  longer  in  some  of  the  infected  counties. 
The  Bureau  force,  cooperating,  has  varied  from  twelve  men  in  the 
beginning  to  six  or  eight  now.  In  this  work  the  inspectors  were  sent 


TICK    ERADICATION    IN    THE    WEST.  61 

to  a  county  where  they  met  the  local  inspectors  and  talked  with  them 
and  instructed  them,  in  addition  to  the  instructions  that  they  had 
received  from  the  State  veterinarian  in  the  duties  of  inspection.  We 
found  the  best  service  where  we  began  work  together.  One  objection 
was  that  the  supervisors,  not  having  very  much  actual  interest,  did  not 
want  to  put  up  the  money  to  pay  for  local  inspection  over  a  consider- 
able length  of  time.  In  some  cases  they  thought  they  could  pay  $150; 
in  some  $300;  but  I  think  in  none  as  much  as  $500. 

A  decided  advantage  in  that  local  inspection  service  was  that  good , 
reliable  men  were  selected  and  that  we  were  immediately  in  touch 
with  the  cattlemen.  We  were  favorably  introduced  to  the  residents 
of  the  vicinity,  and  that  counted  for  a  great  deal.  It  removed 
friction  and  helped  us  in  our  future  work.  The  quarantine  of  cattle 
varied  from  about  1 5  per  cent  in  some  counties  to  none  in  one  county, 
or  an  average  of  about  6  per  cent  in  ten  counties.  We  believe  that  50 
per  cent  of  those  quarantined  are  already  disinfected,  leaving  possibly 
3  per  cent  of  infected  cattle  for  next  year,  and  97  per  cent  to  go  at 
large.  We  have  tried  to  impress  the  owners  of  the  97  per  cent  that 
they  were  prevented  from  going  free  because  they  held  this  small 
percentage  of  infected  animals;  or,  in  other  words,  that  the  3  per  cent 
of  infected  cattle  were  quarantining  their  97  per  cent.  Some  of  them 
have  come  to  look  at  the  thing  in  a  new  light,  and  I  believe  mean 
business  in  maintaining  quarantine  on  the  infected  herds.  A  certain 
number  of  counties  have  been  laid  out  for  work  next  year. 

There  has  been  something  said  about  climatic  conditions  and 
natural  surroundings  favoring  certain  States.  The  northern  limit  of 
the  tick  area  is  bound  to  be  favored  by  climate,  but  wherever  there  is 
free  range  there  the  ticks  are,  whether  it  is  north  or  south.  Where 
they  have  stock  laws,  where  they  change  their  cattle  from  place  to 
place  and  have  cold  weather,  there  the  ticks  have  been  eradicated; 
and  I  think  this  results  not  wholly  from  natural  causes  but  partially 
from  the  acts  of  men  in  handling  the  cattle. 

Doctor  KLEIN.  I  believe  the  roll  call  of  the  States  has  now  been 
completed.  We  have  one  with  us  who,  I  think,  can  say  something  of 
interest  on  this  subject  who  has  not  yet  been  heard  from,  and  I,  in 
common  with  some  others,  would  like  to  hear  from  him.  I  refer  to  Mr. 
Dean  from  Kansas  City. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  We  will  hear  from  Mr.  Dean  if  he  will  favor  us. 

REMARKS  BY  ALBERT  DEAN  ON  THE  WORK  IN  THE  WEST. 

Mr.  DEAN.  Our  acquaintance  with  the  tick  dates  back  nearly  thirty 
years,  when  the  great  droves  of  cattle  originating  in  the  great  State  of 
Texas  had  to  find  a  market  north  and  were  driven  over  the  trails  from 
time  to  time  as  settlement  moved  westward.  The  prairies  of  the 
Indian  Territory,  as  soon  as  the  Indians  became  subdued  sufficiently 


02  THE    ERADICATION    OK   THE    CATTLE   TICK. 

to  allow  cattle  to  stop  there  to  graze,  were  the  great  shedding  grounds 
for  ticks.  Of  course  we  did  not  understand  it  at  that  time.  The 
cattle  moved  on  a  little  later  after  they  got  their  fill  of  grass.  They 
moved  into  Kansas  and  eventually  on  into  Nebraska,  the  Dakotas, 
and  Montana.  In  the  early  history  of  the  cattle  business,  while  cattle 
traveled  on  foot  by  trail,  Texas  fever  was  never  known  to  exist  north 
of  the  central  part  of  Kansas;  but  just  as  soon  as  they  began  to  trans- 
port the  cattle  by  rail  then  the  fever  broke  out  at  the  places  of  landing. 
It  did  not  make  any  difference  how  far  north  they  went,  unless  they 
reached  some  country  where  they  had  frost  every  month  in  the  year. 

When  the  Texas  fever  quarantine  was  inaugurated,  Oklahoma 
was  still  the  great  grazing  ground  for  the  cattle.  In  our  earlier  expe- 
rience we  thought  it  was  impossible  for  fever  to  hold  over  from  one 
season  to  another.  Such  a  condition  never  existed  to  our  knowledge, 
and  my  acquaintance  covered  twelve  years  in  the  cattle  business— 
from  1874  to  1886.  I  was  continuously  in  the  cattle  business  in  what 
is  now  the  northeastern  portion  of  Oklahoma.  During  those  seasons 
the  grass  was  not  grazed  short;  the  timber  was  very  sparse;  the 
country  would  be  swept  every  year  by  prairie  fires  from  one  end  of  it 
to  the  other,  and  instead  of  a  low  temperature  and  a  cold  winter 
eradicating  the  tick,  it  was  in  a  large  measure  done  by  the  fire.  Just 
as  soon  as  the  country  became  settled  and  fenced  up  and  the  prairie 
fires  stopped,  the  ticks  apparently  secured  a  hold,  and  they  seem  to 
be  capable  of  great  adaptability  to  different  conditions  and  different 
climates,  especially  where  they  are  sheltered.  Consequently,  when 
the  Texas  fever  quarantine  was  applied  to  Oklahoma — I  believe  it 
was  in  1897  when  the  first  quarantine  line  was  designated  through 
the  Territory  of  Oklahoma  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture — we 
found  the  tick  had  secured  a  fairly  good  hold  in  that  section.  The 
western  part  of  the  Territory  has  a  very  much  higher  altitude  than 
the  eastern  part,  and  we  thought  that  cut  a  big  figure.  We  found  the 
tick  secured  a  hold  as  far  west  as  the  100th  meridian  and  as  far  north 
at  least  as  the  36th  meridian,  north  latitude. 

Tick  eradication  is  not  really  a  work  of  recent  origin  in  the  Terri- 
tory of  Oklahoma.  The  rules  of  the  Territorial  board  and  the  work 
of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  having  gotten  the  cattlemen  inter- 
ested in  it,  when  they  understood  their  position  so  far  as  the  mar- 
keting of  their  cattle  was  concerned  they  set  to  work  to  clean  up  the 
cattle  diseases,  and  the  consequence  was  that  the  tick  had  been 
entirely  eradicated  from  the  counties  of  Day,  Roger  Mills,  Ouster, 
Washita,  and  Elaine  before  ever  this  recent  eradication  work  set  in. 

At  the  point  where  the  national  quarantine  line  crosses  the  Missis- 
sippi River  and  the  boundary  line  between  the  States  of  Arkansas 
and  Missouri  we  first  encounter  a  low-lying  tract  of  land,  commonly 
known  as  the  sunken  lands.  It  was  probably  once,  according  to 


TICK    ERADICATION    IN    THE    WEST.  63 

geologists,  an  old  bed  of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  river  has  changed 
from  some  cause  and  left  a  lot  of  land  which  is  very  low.  A  great 
deal  is  covered  by  water  a  good  portion  of  the  year.  This  is  in  north- 
eastern Arkansas.  That  portion  is  free  from  tick  infestation  as  a 
rule,  while  the  ridges  and  higher  points  are  infested  with  ticks. 

On  the  original  examination  made  of  that  country,  about  1895,  we 
found  a  large  number  of  counties — the  two  northern  tiers  of  counties 
of  Arkansas — free  from  infection;  but  just  as  soon  as  a  quarantine 
was  established  under  Secretary  of  Agriculture  Morton  and  a  market 
made  for  the  cattle  the  southern  cattle  from  the  lower  White  River 
and  the  Arkansas  River  moved  up  into  those  counties  and  soon 
infested  a  large  part  of  them.  They  are  hilly  counties,  in  a  large 
measure,  and  the  ticks  found  a  permanent  hold,  and  a  very  large 
number  of  cattle  are  now  infested  with  ticks.  Beginning  at  the  very 
northeastern  corner,  Clay  and  Randolph  are  reasonably  free  from 
infection  now.  I  know  of  no  permanent  infection  in  those  counties. 
The  next  county,  Sharp,  which  reaches  the  boundary  line  between 
Arkansas  and  Missouri  at  one  point,  is  grossly  infested  with  ticks. 
The  northern  tier  of  counties,  clear  along  the  line,  is  practically  free 
from  infection  until  we  reach  the  very  northwestern  county,  Benton, 
that  adjoins  the  Indian  Territory  on  the  west,  and  here  there  is  no  law— 
or  if  they  have  a  law  they  do  not  enforce  it — that  prohibits  the  free 
interchange  of  cattle  back  and  forth.  The  county  is  used  for  grazing — 
very  largely  free  grazing — so  that  a  farmer  with  surplus  cattle  in 
Arkansas  takes  his  cattle  over  into  Indian  Territory  to  graze,  and  the 
Indian  Territory  cattle  come  in  to  find  a  shipping  point. 

The  Kansas  City  Southern,  or  the  Port  Arthur  route,  runs  down 
through  the  western  portion  of  Benton  and  Washington  counties,  and 
the  driving  in  of  the  cattle  from  the  Indian  Territory  for  shipping  pur- 
poses has  caused  infection  all  around  the  shipping  points.  We  have 
made  a  fann-to-farm  canvass  of  that  country  and  have  located  all  the 
infected  farms  or  localities.  The  inspector  who  made  the  investiga- 
tion, being  familiar  with  all  those  points,  can  inspect  cattle  out  of  that 
country  with  a  reasonable  degree  of  safety,  because  he  knows  whose 
cattle  to  let  out.  Therefore,  if  the  State  of  Arkansas  would  pass  the 
necessary  laws  and  create  the  machinery  to  put  them  in  force  I  would 
favor  exempting  the  northern  tier  of  counties,  with  the  exception  of 
Sharp,  from  the  operation  of  the  quarantine;  that  is,  I  would  put 
them  under  special  quarantine  and  give  inspection  the  year  round. 

At  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  State  of  Arkansas  the  quarantine 
line  turns  northerly  along  the  western  line  of  Missouri  to  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  the  State  of  Kansas.  In  that  portion  of  the  Indian 
Territory  we  have  no  county  organizations,  but  the  Department  of 
the  Interior,  for  purposes  of  recording  land  allotments,  has  desig- 
nated them  record  districts,  which  correspond  to  counties.  Now  the 
22:{52— Xo.  1)7—07- — 5 


64  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

five  northern  record  districts  shut  in  all  of  the  Cherokee  Reservation 
that  would  lie  north  of  the  north  line  of  the  Creek  Nation,  provided 
that  line  was  extended  east  to  the  Arkansas  line.  The  country  lying 
north  of  that  line  comprises  the  five  northern  record  districts,  which  are 
under  special  quarantine.  By  amendment  No.  6,  referred  to  in  Doctor 
Allen's  paper,  no  tick-infested  horses,  mules,  or  cattle  are  allowed  to 
be  placed  in  that  district  at  all  at  any  time  of  the  year  except  after 
being  dipped  in  crude  petroleum.  This  year  about  10,000  cattle  have 
been  dipped  and  put  in  that  country.  That  is  tick  eradication. 

While  we  acknowledge  that  there  are  plenty  of  ticks  in  that  reser- 
vation from  year  to  year,  yet  when  that  becomes  a  part  of  the  State 
of  Oklahoma  and  gets  proper  laws  we  can  go  after  those  ticks;  and  I 
take  it  that  the  object  of  this  work  of  the  Bureau  in  prohibiting  the 
introduction  of  any  great  infection  there  is  to  get  ready  for  the  time 
when  we  get  a  proper  law. 

I  think  it  is  not  out  of  place  right  here  to  state  that  we  have  noted 
no  serious  effects  on  account  of  dipping  animals  in  crude  petroleum  of 
the  Beaumont  variety, with  which  I  suppose  most  of  you  are  familiar — 
a  low  grade  of  oil,  so  far  as  refining  purposes  are  concerned,  and  con- 
taining quite  a  percentage  of  sulphur  and  having  an  asphalt  base.  We 
have  a  similar  grade  of  oil  in  the  northern  part  of  our  oil  district  in 
Kansas  that  has  an  asphalt  base  but  is  lacking  in  the  sulphur,  and  is 
a  little  higher  grade  by  gravity  measurement  than  the  Beaumont  oil. 
We  have  had  good  results  when  the  Beaumont  oil  is  used  under  mod- 
erate temperature  conditions  and  the  animal  has  a  sufficient  coat  of 
hair  to  hold  the  oil.  We  have  had  no  trouble  in  regard  to  our  dipping. 
Our  loss  from  shipping  and  dipping  and  everything  else  on  those  reser- 
vations to  which  this  dipping  order  has  applied  has  been  less  than  1 
per  cent.  We  handle  the  cattle  in  great  numbers. 

We  now  pass  on  westward  to  the  Osage  Indian  Reservation,  which 
comprises  about  a  million  and  a  quarter  acres  of  land,  that  is,  includ- 
ing the  small  Kansas  reservation.  Last  spring  a  year  ago  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  issued  regulations  prohibiting  the  introduction  of 
tick-infested  cattle  into  the  Osage  country  until  they  had  been  dipped. 
About  90,000  cattle  were  dipped  under  that  order.  Of  course  it  was 
opposed  by  the  stock  owners  largely.  They  were  afraid  of  it,  and 
they  had  made  their  leases  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  before 
this  order  was  out.  A  good  many  of  them  tried  to  back  out  and 
talked  about  throwing  up  their  leases.  The  cattle,  however,  were  in 
good  order  and  the  loss  through  dipping  and  from  all  other  causes  was 
very  small.  Some  cattle  are  always  hurt  owing  to  the  rough  usage  in 
handling  range  cattle;  the  cattle  are  wild  and  jump  around.  Another 
difficulty  we  met  with  was  that  the  twenty-eight-hour  law.  so  .called, 
did  not  apply  to  the  Indian  Territory — or  was  not  observed,  at  any 
rate — so  that  the  cattle  were  kept  on  cars  for  a  much  longer  period 


TICK    ERADICATION    IN    THE    WEST.  65 

than  the  time  limit,  and,  being  exceedingly  thirsty,  the  first  thing 
they  did  was  to  take  a  drink  of  the  dip.  We  had  gutters  in  the  dip- 
ping pens,  and  the  oil  ran  down  the  gutters  and  they  sipped  that  oil, 
and  it  did  not  have  a  good  effect  on  the  animals.  We  think  some  of 
the  loss  was  caused  by  the  drinking.  We  had  the  nicest,  sleekest  lot 
of  cattle  I  had  ever  seen.  Some  of  them  did  not  fatten  as  well  for 
the  next  month.  Besides,  the  shedding  of  their  hair  made  the  animals 
look  as  if  they  were  thinner.  This  year  we  dipped  125,000  to  go  into 
that  country,  and  have  this  fall  put  about  8,000  more  into  the  Osage 
country. 

The  gentleman  from  Louisiana  said  they  could  not  safely  use  the 
Beaumont  oil  in  that  State;  but  we  can  take  the  Louisiana  cattle  into 
Oklahoma  and  dip  them,  and  we  did  take  about  2,000  from  north  cen- 
tral Louisiana — that  is,  from  Louisiana  west  of  the  river — up  to  the 
Ponca  or  Otoe  Reservation,  and  we  dipped  them  and  they  did  well,  and 
we  killed  every  tick. 

Our  best  inspectors  and  closest  observers  estimated  that  with  one 
dipping  under  proper  conditions,  just  at  the  right  time  of  year,  when 
the  animal  has  enough  hair  to  hold  the  oil,  and  the  oil  is  of  sufficient 
consistency,  not  one  tick  on  a  thousand  animals  will  stay  on. 

Of  course,  we  have  not  succeeded  in  eradicating  all  the  ticks  from 
the  Osage  country,  for  the  reason  that  the  Indians  do  not  come  under 
our  regulations  at  all.  The  Indians  have  a  few  cattle,  and  they  have 
free  access  to  those  pastures.  While  there  is  nothing  in  the  lease  from 
the  Interior  Department  that  gives  an  Indian  any  right  at  all,  yet  he 
does  as  he  pleases.  He  gathers  up  his  cattle  at  round-up  time,  and 
the  white  man  always  manages  to  help  him  out;  and  they  continually 
keep  those  pastures  infested  with  ticks.  Of  course,  that  country  will 
come  in  for  allotment  presently.  Burning  would  be  a  good  disinfect- 
ant for  that  country,  and  we  have  contemplated  taking  this  matter 
up  with  our  Department  and  trying  to  get  the  consent  or  backing  of 
the  Interior  Department  to  burn  that  country.  We  believe  it  would 
be  a  good  step  toward  the  eradication  of  ticks  there. 

West  of  the  Osage  country  we  reach  the  Arkansas  River  along  the 
line,  and  the  rest  comes  under  the  Oklahoma  regulations.  Texas  is 
the  only  other  State  that  belongs  to  the  Kansas  City  district,  and 
Doctor  Parker  will  answer  for  that. 

Doctor  Allen,  the  Bureau  inspector  in  charge  in  Oklahoma,  who 
could  not  attend  this  meeting,  has  sent  me  a  paper,  which,  if  you  will 
allow  me  time  enough,  I  will  read. 


66  THE    ERADICATION    OB'    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

WORK    AGAINST    TEXAS    FEVER,  WITH    SPECIAL   REFERENCE    TO 

OKLAHOMA. 

By  LESLIE  J.  ALLEN, 
Inspector,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 

[Read  by  Albert  Dean.] 

The  battle  with  ticks,  more  for  the  prevention  of  their  encroachment  on  free  territory 
than  for  their  eradication,  has  been  waged  vigorously — largely  by  proclamation — ever 
since  the  relation  between  this  parasite  and  the  fever  has  been  well  understood.  I  say 
"by  proclamation"  for  the  reason  that  legislative  bodies  have  never  seen  fit  to  enact 
such  measures  and  provide  such  appropriations  as  would  give  to  the  live-stock  sanitary 
boards  the  necessary  authority  and  means  for  the  employment  of  an  adequate  force  of 
inspectors  even  to  prevent  the  gradual  invasion  of  formerly  clean  territory  by  infection, 
to  say  nothing  of  carrying  into  the  enemy's  country  a  war  of  extermination.  It  can 
hardly  be  said,  however,  that  the  legislatures  have  been  derelict  in  their  duties  to  the 
people,  since  public  opinion,  the  force  that  must  ever  be  brought  to  bear  to  obtain  the 
enactment  of  measures  intended  for  a  great  public  benefit  or  reform,  has  not  given  voice 
to  a  demand  for  such  legislation.  Neither  can  it  be  maintained  that  the  public  is  to  an 
unpardonable  degree  to  blame,  for  it  has  never  seemed  to  appreciate  properly  the  rela- 
tion between  the  tick  and  the  fever  and  the  fact  that  to  this  alone  is  due  the  exclusion 
of  their  cattle  from  the  northern  markets.  The  owners  of  the  infested  herds  in  a  com- 
munity— suppose,  for  example,  the  infested  herds  are  but  10  per  cent  of  the  whole — 
do  not  seem  to  recognize  the  fact  that  it  is  due  to  their  harboring  of  the  ticks  that  the 
owners  of  the  other  90  per  cent  are  deprived  of  the  privilege  of  the  northern  markets. 
And,  strange  to  say,  neither  does  this  90  per  cent  seem  to  be  fully  alive  to  the  cause 
operating  to  that  end.  While  most  will  agree  that  it  is  desirable  to  be  rid  of  the  ticks, 
still  a  proper  realization  of  what  they  are  being  deprived  of  would  make  extremely 
uncomfortable  the  position  of  the  man  whose  disregard  for  the  rights  of  others  is  shown 
by  his  indifference. 

In  Oklahoma,  too,  a  Territory  the  citizenship  of  which  is  composed  of  people  from 
every  clime,  there  is  found  among  the  people  hailing  from  those  States  where  it  was 
once  believed  the  quarantine  line  was  established  from  ocean  to  ocean  for  the  purpose 
of  eliminating  Southern  cattle  as  a  factor  in  the  northern  markets,  a  well-marked  preju- 
dice against  giving  credence  to  the  established  relations  between  the  tick  and  the  fever. 
We  have  another  element  scarcely  less  potential,  and  that  is  the  man  from  the  North 
who  comes  to  Oklahoma  deaf  to  advice,  and  fully  believing  that  he,  by  reason  of  his 
fancied  superior  knowledge  of  animal  husbandry,  will  be  able  to  demonstrate  that  ticks 
have  been  unjustly  blamed  for  loss  from  so-called  Texas  fever.  Occasionally  one  of 
this  type  chances  to  locate  his  susceptible  cattle  where  the  results  make  a  convert.  A 
new  convert  made  in  this  way  is  usually  very  enthusiastic.  We  also  have  the  pessi- 
mist—the man  who  believes  there  is  no  use  trying — that  ticks  originate  spontaneously, 
or  as  a  kind  of  a  budding  process  from  "black-jack"  timber. 

Undoubtedly  this  diversity  of  opinions  and  apparent  want  of  information  is  due  in  a 
great  measure  to  the  lack  of  a  sufficient  number  of  veterinarians  and  others  who  are  able 
to  explain  these  matters  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  them  plain  to  the  stockman. 

As  yet  we  have  had  but  little  trouble  with  active  opposition,  and  I  must  say  that  of 
what  we  have  had  much  has  been  due  to  a  lack  of  diplomacy  or  tact  on  the  part  of  the 
inspectors.  There  are  comparatively  few  owners  who  will  actually  resist  the  operation 
of  such  measures  as  are  found  necessary  to  accomplish  the  desired  end,  providing  it  can 
be  made  plain  to  them  that  the  measures  are  necessary  and  consistent,  and  that  the  end 
to  be  gained  is  to  their  ultimate  interest.  It  is  true  that  there  are  some  who  are  reluc- 
tant to  suffer  immediate  and  real  inconvenience  for  the  promise  of  ultimate  reward. 


WORK    AGAINST   TEXAS    FEVER   IN    OKLAHOMA.  67 

In  the  counties  bordering  on  the  quarantine  line,  where  the  work  was  to  be  begun,  it 
was  known  that  infection  existed,  but  to  what  degree  and  its  exact  location  could  only 
be  determined  by  making  a  systematic  canvass.  This  was  done  with  the  twofold 
object  of  locating  the  infection  and  at  the  same  time  preventing  as  far  as  possible  its 
further  spread  by  restricting  the  movement  of  infested  cattle.  We  therefore  organized 
the  force  in  squads  of  six,  each  employee  being  provided  with  a  mount  of  two  horses. 
We  procured  teams,  wagons,  tents,  etc. — a  complete  camping  outfit  suitable  for  our 
needs.  One  of  the  inspectors  was  designated  as  manager,  to  whom  all  rendered  obe- 
dience. He  thus  in  a  great  measure  became  responsible  for  the  action  of  all.  In 
this  way  a  nearer  approach  to  uniformity  of  methods  is  possible. 

One  of  these  squads  would  start  at  a  given  point,  say,  in  the  morning,  and  the  manag- 
ing inspector  would  designate  two  inspectors  for  each  of  the  section  lines,  the  farms  on 
either  side  of  which  were  to  be  canvassed.  The  cook,  in  charge  of  the  wagon  and  the 
extra  horses,  would  be  directed  to  proceed  to  a  certain  point  previously  agreed  upon — 
some  2 'to  4  miles  ahead,  depending  upon  the  character  of  the  country — and  make  camp 
and  prepare  our  midday  repast.  This  would  be  continued  in  the  same  direction 
through  the  entire  county,  or  to  a  point  agreed  upon,  where  the  outfit  would  double 
back,  taking  another  3-mile  strip  to  one  side  or  the  other  of  the  one  that  had  just 
been  worked. 

The  examination  of  the  cattle  was  usually  made  in  the  pasture  where  found,  which 
was  not  a  difficult  matter  as  a  rule,  as  inspectors  who  have  worked  in  the  West  as  long 
as  two  years  or  more,  if  they  are  made  of  the  right  material,  become  reasonably  profi- 
cient with  the  rope,  while  the  class  of  employees  designated  as  agents  in  tick  eradica- 
tion, who  make  up  the  majority  of  our  force,  are  men  whose  recommendations  were 
based,  among  other  things,  on  their  proficiency  with  the  rope.  The  finding  of  the  cat- 
tle in  the  pasture  is  the  greatest  time-consumer,  for  of  the  territory  canvassed  this  year 
probably  two-thirds  is  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  "black-jack"  timber.  The  ordi- 
nary farm  in  the  timbered  localities  is  a  ICO-acre  tract,  with  some  40  to  60  acres  cleared 
for  cotton  and  corn,  the  remainder  being  in  the  natural  growth  of  stubby  timber,  which 
is  the  pasture  for,  on  an  average.  10  head  of  cattle.  Often  an  inspector  will  be  as  long 
as  two  hours  finding  as  few  as  two  or  three  cows  on  one  of  these  places. 

We  do  not,  as  a  preliminary  to  making  an  examination,  hunt  up  the  owner  to  obtain 
his  consent,  for  such  a  procedure  would  occupy  too  much  time,  not  so  much  in  getting 
his  permission  to  go  on  hie  premises  as  in  explaining  the  purpose  of  the  crusade  and, 
possibly,  in  the  engagement  in  a  useless  controversy  on  the  relation  between  the  tick 
and  the  fever.  And  it  might  be  in  order  here  to  pause  and  remark  that  not  all  our 
employees,  even  among  the  professional  class,  are  properly  equipped  to  take  a  credit- 
able part  in  such  arguments.  The  discussion  of  this  subject,  as  far  as  possible,  should 
be  left  to  the  "follow-up"  man,  who  should  be  selected  not  only  for  his  special  fitness 
for  making  convincing  explanations  ot  the  relation  between  the  tick  and  the  fever,  but 
to  advise  ably  with  the  owner  regarding  the  best  method  to  employ  in  his  particular 
case  to  free  his  pasture  from  infection. 

When  an  inspection  is  made  the  number  of  head  of  cattle,  the  description  of  land, 
and  the  name  and  address  of  the  owner  are  noted.  If  the  cattle  are  infested  with 
ticks  a  quarantine  notice,  the  form  ot  which  is  supplied  by  the  Oklahoma  live-stock 
sanitary  commission,  is  served  on  the  owner. 

[Mr.  DEAN  (commenting).  This  is  right  in  line  with  a  remark  1  made  in  regard  to 
the  tick  eradication  not  being  new  to  Oklahoma,  because  that  territory  has  n  very 
efficient  sanitary  law  and  they  have  been  pushing  the  tick  back  from  counties  that 
wen  only  partially  affected  for  five  years.  It  has  been  successful  in  eradicating 
the  ticks  from  five  counties  entirely.  Those  counties  are  Day,  Roger  Mills,  ('uster. 
Washita,  and  Blame,  and  in  partially  eradicating  them  from  Canadian  County,  but 
we  never  were  entirely  successful  on  account  of  the  rough  country  brakes  along  the 
south  of  the  Canadian  River,  u  tract  of  crdar  brakes  from  which  we  never  have  bcm 


68  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

able  to  eradicate  the  ticks  by  this  method  of  quarantining  the  premises  and  trusting 
entirely  to  owners  to  disinfect  their  cattle.] 

This  notice  apprises  the  owner  of  the  fact  that  his  cattle  are  infested  with  ticks,  of 
which  he,  in  most  instances,  is  fully  aware;  and  he  is  thereby  forbidden  to  move  or 
allow  to  be  moved  any  cattle  to  or  from  his  premises,  and  is  further  directed  to  disin- 
fect them  by  dipping  in  or  making  applications  of  crude  petroleum  as  often  as  every 
twenty  days  until  no  more  ticks  shall  appear.  This  form  of  notice  was  not  gotten 
up  especially  for  the  tick  eradication  work,  but  is  a  form  that  was  in  use  before  this 
work  commenced.  The  matter  of  most  importance  in  this  order  is  that  it  is  a  legal 
notice  to  the  owner  that  his  cattle  are  infested  with  ticks  and  that  it  forbids  the  move- 
ment to  other  premises.  The  order  to  disinfect  will,  in  most  instances,  be  inoperative 
unless  an  inspector  makes  frequent  visits  to  see  that  that  provision  of  the  order  is  com- 
plied with.  The  failure  to  disinfect  properly  or  to  employ  such  measures  as  are  recom- 
mended for  eradication  is  not,  in  many  instances,  due  to  open  opposition  or  even  to 
disinclination,  but  rather  to  lack  of  a  suitably  equipped  man  to  direct  his  efforts. 

A  tabulated  leport  of  inspections  made  is  forwarded  periodically  to  the  Oklahoma 
City  office,  where  it  is  recorded.  A  map  is  prepared  in  the  office  showing  the  quarter- 
sections  and  even  smaller  tracts — where  land  is  so  divided — and  the  number  of  cattle 
thereon.  The  quarantined  cattle  are  entered  on  this  map  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  such  herds  readily  distinguishable  from  the  free.  Besides  this,  each  employee 
while  in  the  field  makes  his  report  in  duplicate  on  a  blank  form  provided  for  that 
purpose  for  every  individual  inspection  made.  To  make  this  report  requires,  on  an 
average,  an  hour  or  more  every  day,  and  this  has  proven  the  most  distasteful  feature 
of  this  work.  During  the  season,  up  to  November  1,  10,589  separate  inspections 
had  been  made  by  the  force  engaged  in  tick  location.  This  covers  114,832  head  of 
cattle.  Of  these,  1,317  herds,  covering  a  total  of  16,927  head  of  cattle,  were  found 
infested.  The  average  number  of  inspections  per  day  per  man  was  about  12  herds. 
This  average  would  have  been  far  exceeded  had  it  not  been  for  the  unusual  amount 
and  frequency  of  the  rainfall.  Of  the  total  number  of  herds  inspected  a  fraction  over 
12  per  cent  were  found  infested. 

Regarding  actual  eradication,  the  work  has  not  been  rewarded  with  that  degree  of 
success  that  might  have  been  expected.  We  were  handicapped  early  in  the  season 
by  being  unable  to  induce  dealers  to  handle  oil  in  sufficient  quantities  for  disinfec- 
tion purposes.  Again,  not  enough  men  were  assigned  to  the  following-up  work. 
Of  course  it  was  only  in  that  area  in  which  the  infection  was  located  prior  to  Septem- 
ber 1  that  any  hopes  were  entertained  of  freeing  premises  of  infection.  It  is  impos- 
sible at  this  time  to  determine  with  any  degree  of  certainty  how  many  premises 
have  been  freed  from  ticks.  We  believe,  certainly,  that  on  a  great  many  premises 
quarantined  no  infection  will  appear  next  year.  I  base  this  on  the  fact  that,  on  the 
reexamination  recently  made  by  our  inspectors,  at  least  30  per  cent  of  the  herds 
were  found  free  from  ticks.  We  expect,  however,  to  continue  next  year  to  treat 
all  these  places  as  infested. 

We  are  expecting  some  good  results  from  the  quarantining  of  about  1,350  premises 
(up  to  this  time),  thereby  preventing  further  spread  of  infection  by  confining  the  cattle 
to  one  place  until  they  have  been  freed  from  ticks.  It  has  been  ascertained  that  in 
those  localities,  where  not  to  exceed  10  per  cent  of  the  herds  are  found  to  be  infested 
now,  not  longer  ago  than  four  to  six  years  the  infection  was  general,  and  that  premises 
were  freed  from  ticks  by  greasing  the  cattle  or,  if  but  a  few  head,  by  keeping  the  ticks 
picked  off,  but  more  often  this  result  was  obtained  by  the  burning  of  the  pasture 
(often  accidental,  it  is  true)  or  by  permitting  it  to  remain  idle  a  part  or  a  whole  of  a 
grazing  season,  with  no  thought  of  destroying  the  ticks. 

[Mr.  DEAN  (commenting).  We  have  learned  some  good  lessons  by  the  burning  of 
pastures  accidentally,  and  it  rather  backs  up  my  previous  statement  that  the  grazing 
country,  which  comprises  about  3,000,000  acres  of  land,  formerly  known  as  the  Chero- 


WORK    AGAINST    TEXAS    FEVER    IN    OKLAHOMA.  69 

kee  Outlet,  was  disinfected  annually,  prior  to  the  time  it  was  occupied  as  a  grazing 
country,  by  the  tremendous  prairie  fires  that  swept  it  from  one  end  to  the  other,  as  at 
that  time  the  bodies  of  timber  were  rather  thin,  and  a  big  prairie  fire  would  jump  an 
ordinary  stream  from  burning  trees  or  bark.  We  had  some  gales  and  the  danger  to 
life  of  man  and  beast  was  great,  but  such  tracts  were  always  disinfected.  Last  winter 
a  year  ago  an  accidental  fire  broke  out  in  a  portion  of  the  Osage  Indian  Reservation, 
which  has  been  used  for  probably  twenty-five  years  as  a  grazing  ground  for  Texas 
cattle.  It  is  the  only  large  tract  in  either  Oklahoma  or  Indian  Territory  in  which  the 
land  has  not  yet  been  allotted,  and  it  is  leased  for  grazing  purposes  in  large  bodies  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  or  under  his  regulation,  and  for  two  years  we  have  been 
applying  the  tick  eradication  rule  to  that  territory.  As  I  said,  an  accidental  fire  got 
out  and  swept  several  large  pastures,  and  that  fire-swept  tract  proved  to  be  free  from 
ticks  the  next  year.  I  think,  therefore,  that  fire  is  a  good  disinfectant  if  we  could 
use  it,  but  unfortunately  we  can  not  use  it  in  a  fenced  country.] 

No  small  per  cent  of  the  infection  found  was  of  recent  origin  and  traceable  to  infes- 
tation this  year  by  the  accidental  intermingling  of  cattle  in  adjoining  pastures  or  by 
the  introduction  of  animals — horses  or  cattle — from  more  distant  infested  pastures. 
The  instances  of  seeming  self-disinfection,  which  may  be  classed  as  accidental — that  is, 
the  'nstances  of  premises  becoming  freed  from  ticks  with  no  systematic  effort  on  the 
part  of  the  owner — assume  a  place  of  no  small  importance  when  we  come  to  take  into 
consideration  the  fact  that  they  have  more  than  balanced  the  numerous  instances  of 
infection  traceable  to  the  heretofore  unrestricted  movement  of  infested  cattle,  and 
emphasize  the  benefits  which  may  be  expected  from  a  strict  enforcement  of  the  local 
quarantine.  A  rigid  enforcement  of  local  quarantine,  thereby  denying  to  infested 
cattle  the  use  of  the  public  highways,  will  develop  a  factor  that  will  operate  in  our 
favor.  It  is  now  being  brought  forcibly  to  the  notice  of  different  owners  that  they 
are  absolutely- deprived  of  a  market,  local  or  interstate,  for  their  cattle  until  they  are 
free  from  ticks.  This  factor  is  of  the  greatest  importance,  of  course,  to  the  owners  of 
the  larger  herds,  the  local  product  of  whose  farms  is  put  into  their  cattle,  thereby 
making  their  marketing  their  sole  means  of  existence.  It  is  believed  that  this  restric- 
tion will  make  it  comparatively  easy  to  induce  them  to  make  a  concerted  effort  for 
eradication  next  spring,  at  which  time  in  the  year  disinfection  will  certainly  be  more 
economically  effected. 

We  have  had  some  violations  of  our  quarantine  orders;  that  is,  cattle  have  been 
moved  from  quarantined  premises  without  permission.  A  few  of  these  violations  have 
been  wilful  and  malicious,  but  it  is  believed  that  the  great  majority  of  these  could 
have  been  obviated  had  we  had  a  sufficient  number  of  inspectors  conveniently  located 
to  visit  these  quarantined  places  as  often  as  every  three  weeks. 

Many  of  the  owners  of  the  larger  infested  herds  have,  by  reason  of  the  probability  of 
the  reappearance  of  the  infection  next  year  and  their  still  being  held  under  quarnn  tine, 
signified  their  intention  of  disposing  of  the  bulk  of  their  herds  between  now  and  spring. 
It  is  the  purjHise  then  to  prohibit,  under  Territorial  (or  State)  authority,  the  introduc- 
tion of  other  cattle  to  these  premises  until  such  premises  have  been  dec-hired  free  from 
the  .suspicion  of  infestation.  The  use  next  year  of  public  pastures  quarantined  this 
year  will  in  most  instances  lie  prohibited  until  such  time  has  elapsed  as  will  sullice  to 
destroy  the  ticks  by  .starvation. 

Tin-  movement  of  horses  has  been  mentioned  in  this  paper  as  a  means  of  spreading 
the  infection.  I  have  known  several  sanitary  officials  to  speak  of  this  as  a  danger  which 
is  merely  jx>ssihle  but  too  remote  for  serious  consideration,  while  others  prefer  to  remain 
silent  on  this  subject.  I  am  not  aware  that  any  State  or  Territory  has  placed  any 
restriction  on  the  free  movement  to  or  within  its  borders  of  tick-infested  horses.  In 
this  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  sec-inn  to  have  taken  the  lead  in  Amendment  <i  to 
Rule  1.  Revision  I.  under  date  of  October  1.  1906,  which  regulation,  however,  al'fccst 
only  a  small  part  of  Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territories.  This  silence  and  the  apparent 


70  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

reluctance  to  attempt  to  restrict  the  movement  of  infested  horses  is  due,  evidently, 
more  to  the  want  of  a  satisfactory  solution  to  offer  than  to  a  lack  of  apprehension  of  the 
danger.  I  have  in  mind  a  number  of  cases  in  the  Territory  in  which  all  indications 
point  to  the  ticks  being  introduced  on  horses.  As  recently  as  last  month  two  cars  of 
tick-infested  horses  were  shipped  from  a  Texas  point  to  Watonga  in  Blaine  County, 
Okla.,  a  county  that  for  several  years  has  been  classed  in  the  safe  area.  A  stockman 
living  there  wrote  me  regarding  this  incident  and  mailed  me  some  of  the  ticks.  I  was 
powerless  to  take  any  action  in  the  matter  except  to  pass  the  responsibility  up  to  the 
secretary  of  the  Oklahoma  live-stock  sanitary  commission,  for  the  reason  that  Blaine 
County  is  not  in  the  area  covered  by  the  Bureau  amendment  referred  to.  These  horses 
were  to  have  been  peddled  out  over  the  country,  probably  going  to  as  many  as  fifty 
different  places,  but  I  have  just  learned  that  Secretary  Morris,  acting  without  precedent 
but  by  authority  of  a  statute  giving  his  board  power  to  take  such  action  as  is  necessary 
to  protect  the  live-stock  interests  of  a  community,  succeeded  in  quarantining  these 
horses  before  they  had  been  sold. 

In  Greer  County,  Okla.,  the  horses  brought  in  annually  by  cotton  pickers  from  Texas 
are  a  prolific  source  of  infection.  It  is  unaccountable  why  some  State  authorities  refuse 
to  admit  cattle  from  an  infested  pasture,  even  after  dipping  and  certification,  and  then 
admit  horses  from  the  same  pasture,  apparently  without  a  thought  of  the  probable  con- 
sequences. Then  if  any  infestation  appears  along  the  border  it  is  said  to  be  due  to  the 
lack  of  proper  patrolling  of  the  quarantine  line!  So  long  as  there  is  an  infested  area  and 
a  zone  north  of  it  in  wbicfc  ticks  may  accommodate  themselves,  just  so  long  will  there 
be  cases  of  infection  of  apparently  spontaneous  origin  unless  there  can  be  some  effective 
measure  devised  to  limit  the  movement  of  infested  horses. 

In  the  disinfection  it  is  believed  that  in  the  majority  of  instances  the  periodical  appli- 
cation of  oil,  either  by  hand  or  by  dipping,  will  be  found  the  most  practicable.  How- 
ever, it  is  intended  to  employ  such  methods  as  will  in  each  particular  case  seem  to 
promise  the  best  results.  To  carry  on  properly  the  follow-up  work  will  require  one  man 
for  every  forty  or  fifty  places  under  quarantine.  For  the  some  1,350  premises  now 
under  quarantine  it  will  require  for  this  work  alone  as  many  as  35  men,  commencing  as 
early  as  April  1.  Many  of  these  men  can,  if  the  work  under  their  supervision  is  effect- 
ive, be  released  by  August  15  to  take  up  like  work  in  the  area  that  will  have  been  cov- 
ered by  that  time  by  the  location  force. 

The  securing  of  suitable  men  for  eradication  work  is  certainly  a  matter  of  the  very 
first  importance,  and  to  secure  a  large  number  of  men  that  can  meet  and  carry  weight 
with  the  farmer  and  stockman,  enlist  their  interest,  and  enforce  necessary  measures  on 
the  unwilling,  will  be  found  exceedingly  difficult.  It  is  only  men  possessing  such 
qualifications,  together  with  energy,  alertness,  and  honesty  of  purpose,  that  are  of  any 
service.  Without  such  qualifications  a  man  is  not  only  of  no  service,  but  his  presence 
is  a  positive  menace  to  the  success  of  the  undertaking. 

DISCUSSION. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  Since  we  began  enforcing  Indian  quarantine  it  has 
been  the  practice  in  my  office  to  send  out  a  notice  every  year  to  every 
person  to  burn  his  pasture,  with  the  alternative  that  if  he  does  not 
burn  we  will  put  the  matter  into  the  hands  of  the  sheriff  to  look  after 
at  his  expense.  Of  course  that  will  still  be  our  plan  this  year.  All 
those  pastures  which  are  quarantined  this  year  and  last  year  receive 
the  same  notice  this  year  to  thoroughly  burn  and  disinfect. 

I  also  want  to  emphasize  this  point  in  regard  to  ticky  horses  in 
Blame  County.  Doctor  Allen  transmitted  correspondence  to  my 


RECORDS    OF   INSPECTION.  71 

office,  and  after  looking  carefully  over  the  statutes  I  figured  we  could 
handle  that  case,  and  immediately  sent  inspectors  to  the  neighborhood 
and  got  those  horses  before  they  were  disposed  of.  They  were 
trailed  from  the  railroad  station  about  90  miles,  but  we  have  got  those 
horses  in  quarantine  all  in  a  bunch,  and  as  far  as  the  Oklahoma  board 
is  concerned  we  shall  make  a  regulation  this  coming  year  requiring 
tick-infested  horses  to  be  dipped  or  disinfected  in  some  other  manner 
before  being  brought  into  the  Territory;  but  if  we  can  have  a  Bureau 
order  behind  that  it  will  be  better,  and  we  hope  we  can  get  it. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  May  I  ask  at  what  time  Mr.  Morris  asks  to  have 
the  burning  done,  or  whether  he  expects  the  ticks  to  be  hatched  out  by 
that  time  ? 

Mr.  MORRIS.  At  the  time  the  tick  is  hatched  the  grass  is  too  far 
along.  I  recommend  the  burning  just  as  late  as  possible  before  the 
grass  starts — that  is,  so  it  will  not  injure  the  grass  too  much,  say  not 
later  than  the  15th  of  April.  I  do  not  recommend  burning  at  this 
time  of  the  year.  I  think  it  better  to  burn  later. 

KEEPING  BECORDS  OF  INSPECTIONS. 

Doctor  CURTICE  (to  Mr.  Dean).  What  system  of  keeping  records 
of  infected  cattle  have  you? 

Mr.  DEAN.  We  make  up  regular  reports  along  with  plats.  We 
have  the  Department  furnish  us  with  little  township  plats  on  card- 
board. Our  country  is  all  in  sections  subdivided  into  quarter  sections. 
We  have  little  plats  for  memoranda  and  have  them  perforated.  The 
plats  are  about  3  by  o  inches  and  show  the  township  and  section,  with  a 
little  space  at  the  bottom  for  remarks.  It  was  Doctor  Allen's  idea  to 
keep  a  record  by  plats. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  After  the  inspectors  got  a  little  more  used  to  the  work 
of  making  out  reports  they  did  not  kick  so  much  about  it.  It  was,  of 
course,  a  little  extra  work  and  wearisome  after  a  hard  day  in  the  sad- 
dle. They  did  kick  a  little,  but  in  the  latter  part  of  the  season  they 
seemed  to  catch  on. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  Perhaps  our  experience  in  keeping  records  of 
counties  may  be  of  some  help.  It  is  not  perfect,  for  I  see  many  things 
to  be  corrected.  I  adopted  the  card-catalogue  system,  and  when  a 
herd  was  inspected  kept  a  record  of  that  inspection  from  the  inspect- 
or's reports  on  a  4  by  6  inch  card.  I  kept  the  records  of  a  county  by 
themselves  in  alphabetical  order.  After  a  county  was  inspected  I  took 
a  list  of  the  places  on  those  cards  and  ordered  the  proper  inspector  to 
fill  out  a  record  of  his  inspection  with  the  date  below  the  first  inspec- 
tion. On  some  of  these  cards  I  have  as  many  as  five  inspections,  some 
of  them  by  different  men,  and  always  a  record  of  what  the  man  intends 
to  do  and  what  he  has  been  doing  and  the  conditions  found.  By  that 
process  I  have  found  that  sometimes  inspectors  when  they  thought 


72  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

they  had  records  of  the  scattered  herds  had  missed  some.  The  record 
enabled  me  to  give  them  a  list  that  they  must  look  up.  It  also  gave 
me  an  idea  of  the  temper  of  the  men  on  the  farms — whether  they  were 
actually  doing  what  they  said  they  would  do  and  were  making  progress. 
I  think  that  if  the  volume  of  work  had  not  been  so  great  I  would 
have  kept  a  record  of  the  uninfected  herds;  but  above  all  we  should 
keep  a  careful  record  from  time  to  time  of  these  infected  herds. 

FEEDING  SULPHUR,  DIPPING,  ETC. 

Mr.  RANSOM.  The  idea  has  been  very  prevalent  all  over  the  world, 
wherever  there  are  ticks,  that  sulphur  fed  internally  will  prevent  tick 
infestation.  Several  years  ago  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  took 
up  that  question  in  an  experimental  way.  I  do  not  remember  the 
exact  details  of  the  experiments,  as  they  occurred  before  my  time,  but 
the  manner  in  which  they  \vere  performed  was  somewhat  as  follows: 
Two  lots  of  cattle  were  kept  under  exactly  the  same  conditions  in 
every  respect,  except  that  one  lot  received  sulphur  and  the  other  did 
not.  They  were  both  exposed  to  tick  infestation,  and  the  result  was 
that  there  wras  no  perceptible  difference  in  the  degrees  of  infestation  in 
the  two  lots.  The  people  who  are  working  on  the  tick  question  in 
South  Africa  have  performed  experiments  of  similar  nature  with  simi- 
lar results.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  idea  is  simply  a  notion.  I  do  not 
believe  there  is  any  basis  in  fact  for  the  opinion. 

There  seems  to  be,  however,  some  relation  between  the  food  of  cattle, 
or  rather  the  alimentary  processes,  I  might  say,  of  cattle  and  the 
tick.  For  example,  there  are  certain  opinions  prevalent  among  the 
people  that  feeding  certain  fodder  to  cattle  will  result  in  the  ticks 
falling  off.  We  have  made  observations  along  that  line  at  the  Experi- 
ment Station  of  the  Bureau  at  Bethesda,  Md.,  where  cattle  which  were 
very  heavily  infested  with  ticks  wrere  fed  at  stated  times  of  the  day 
with  alfalfa  or  some  other  fodder  of  that  sort,  and  it  was  found  when 
the  feed  was  thrown  into  the  manger  and  the  cattle  began  feeding  that 
the  ticks  would  begin  to  fall  from  them  like  raindrops.  Before  the 
fodder  was  put  in  you  would  hear  a  tick  fall  off  occasionally,  but  as 
soon  as  the  fodder  was  put  in  the  ticks  began  to  fall  off  about  like  that 
[tapping  on  the  table].  Of  course  those  ticks  were  about  ready  to  fall 
anyway,  but  we  may  suppose  that  they  were  waiting  to  fall  in  a  place 
where  the  chances  of  reinfestation  of  the  cattle  later  wrould  be  as  good 
as  possible,  and  that  some  slight  change  of  unknown  character  which 
occurs  in  the  skin  of  cattle  while  actively  feeding  acted  as  a  stimulus 
to  the  ticks  and  caused  them  to  loosen  their  hold.  This  peculiarity 
of  the  tick  may  be  explained  on  the  theory  of  natural  selection  and 
evolution. 

Doctor  KEANE.  In  our  California  work  with  the  various  crude  oils 
in  hand  dressing  and  dipping  cattle  very  few  of  our  oils  contain  sul- 


FEEDING    SULPHUR,   DIPPING,   ETC.  78 

phur,  and  some  of  them  have  just  a  slight  trace.  We  find  that  the  oil 
acts  mechanically,  and  our  oils  destroy  ticks  just  as  well  as  crude 
petroleum.  In  fact,  we  used  fish  oil  and  destroyed  ticks.  I  believe 
that  the  action  of  the  oil  upon  the  ticks  is  purely  mechanical,  and  I 
think  the  sulphur  has  no  effect  at  all.  The  sulphur  being  a  constitu- 
ent of  the  oil  may  probably  prevent  a  later  invasion  by  ticks,  but  as 
far  as  the  destruction  of  the  ticks  is  concerned  I  do  not  think  sulphur 
has  any  effect  at  all. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  I  wish  to  add  a  little  testimony  in  regard  to  sul- 
phur. We  have  been  using  20-per-cent  oil  emulsion  upon  the  ticks,  and 
it  kills  the  ticks  as  well  as  the  oil  does,  although  wre  may  judge  that 
there  is  only  about  2  per  cent  of  sulphur  in  the  oil.  I  think  that  the 
emulsion  when  forced  into  the  hair  spreads  more  evenly  over  the  ticks, 
and  that  a  thin  film  closes  around  the  tick  better  possibly  than  if  the 
oil  were  obstructed  by  matty  hairs  or  otherwise;  but  if  one  does  the 
work,  so  does  the  other.  They  are  both  alike  in  that  respect.  Of 
course  the  work  of  greasing  is  detested  by  the  people,  and  if  there  were 
a  substitute  it  would  be  used  much  more  freely,  I  think,  although  more 
care  might  be  required  in  handling  it.  There  is  a  difference  of  opinion 
as  to  how7  the  oil  kills  the  ticks.  One  view  is  that  there  is  something 
poisonous  in  it  which  prevents  respiration. 

Doctor  PARKER.  That  is  not  the  whole  cause.  The  emulsion  is  in 
very  small  particles  which  penetrate  the  spiracles  more  readily  than 
the  oil  will  do. 

Mr.  RANSOM.  I  believe  that  is  a  very  good  explanation.  Of  course 
it  is  very  doubtful  if  every  tick  in  the  application  of  the  oil  itself  is 
entirely  covered  with  a  film  of  oil;  undoubtedly  a  great  many  of 
them  escape  being  entirely  covered,  while  in  the  use  of  the  emulsion 
a  large  proportion  of  them  would  probably  get  more  or  less  of  the  oil 
into  their  spiracles.  Ticks,  as  a  general  rule,  are  very  resistant  to 
poisons;  that  is,  they  withstand  the  effects  of  poisonoas  substances 
that  kill  other  parasites  very  quickly. 

Doctor  PARKER.  The  skin  of  the  tick  is  not  very  absorbent? 

Mr.  RANSOM.  No. 

Doctor  KEANE.  This  calls  to  my  mind  a  number  of  dippings  which 
we  made  with  the  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  with  approximately  16 
pounds  of  lime  and  20  to  25  pounds  of  sulphur  to  100  gallons  of 
water — the  regular  scab  dip.  We  dipped  quite  a  number  of  cattle 
with  that  mixture,  and  it  was  not  effective  in  the  destruction  of  ticks. 
There  is  plenty  of  sulphur  and  lime,  and  we  found  a  number  of 
owners  of  infected  ranches  were  using  this  dip,  because  it  did  not 
affect  the  cattle  to  any  extent.  The  promulgation  of  theories  about 
the  dipping  of  cattle  with  sulphur  and  lime,  or  any  proprietary  med- 
icine, always  causes  a  setback  in  the  work;  but  we  found  that  the  use 
of  oil  is  effective  in  destroying  ticks. 


74  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Doctor  KLEIN.  I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Ransom  if  it  has  ever  been 
determined  in  what  form  the  sulphur  exists  in  Beaumont  oil. 

Mr.  RANSOM.  As  I  am  not  a  chemist,  I  would  not  like  to  answer 
that.  I  think  we  made  in  our  Biochemic  Division  a  good  many 
analyses  of  oils  from  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  undoubtedly 
they  have  the  data  in  regard  to  the  compound  of  sulphur  which 
occurs  in  the  oil. 

Doctor  KLEIN.  The  reason  I  asked  that  question  is  this:  Doctor 
Norgaard,  who  conducted  quite  an  extensive  series  of  experiments 
testing  the  various  dips  for  destruction  of  ticks  on  cattle,  gave  it  as 
his  opinion  after  the  conclusion  of  these  experiments  that  sulphur  in 
some  oil  was  the  most  destructive  substance  to  ticks.  I  know  nothing 
as  to  the  details  upon  which  he  based  that  opinion.  The  thing  that 
first  drew  the  attention  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  I  have 
been  informed,  to  this  crude  Beaumont  oil,  was  the  fact  that  it  con- 
tained a  greater  percentage  of  sulphur  than  could  be  incorporated 
mechanically  in  any  oil;  that  is,  there  is  more  sulphur  in  crude 
Beaumont  oil  than  you  can  get  in  cotton-seed  oil  if  you  undertake  to 
mix  in  some  of  the  flowers  of  sulphur.  The  form  in  which  the  sul- 
phur exists  in  the  crude  Beaumont  oil  is,  I  think,  a  point  that  will 
have  considerable  bearing  on  the  influence  of  the  sulphur  upon  the 
tick.  If  the  sulphur  is  in  soluble  form,  or  in  a  form  which  will  per- 
mit it  to  penetrate  the  tick,  it  is  certainly  then  in  a  condition  to  do 
more  damage  to  the  tick  than  if  it  is  in  insoluble  form  or  in  a  condi- 
tion which  will  not  allow  it  to  penetrate  the  tick.  I  have  a  great 
opinion  of  Beaumont  oil  in  the  destruction  of  ticks.  I  recognize 
that  it  is  a  smeary  mess;  nevertheless,  it  does  the  work.  In  so  far 
as  heat  is  concerned,  I  have  dipped  cattle  in  Beaumont  oil  when  the 
temperature  was  100  in  the  shade,  and  by  placing  the  cattle  under  a 
shed  they  did  not  suffer  any  ill  effects  from  the  heat.  If  you  dip 
cattle  in  Beaumont  or  any  other  oil  and  expose  them  to  the  sun  the 
oil  will  absorb  a  great  amount  of  heat  from  the  sun,  and  that  is 
what  elevates  the  temperature  of  the  animals.  On  the  other  hand, 
you  will  find  that  crude  Beaumont  oil  in  winter  time  will  make  cattle 
shiver.  I  think  that  with  proper  protection  from  the  sun  there  will 
be  no  bad  results  from  the  effect  of  heat  on  cattle  after  being  dipped 
in  Beaumont  oil. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  I  would  be  glad  to  hear  from  Doctor  Keane,  of 
California.  He  said  they  used  an  inch  or  two  of  oil  on  water. 

Doctor  KEANE.  The  dipping  vats  that  we  used  in  California  are 
about  on  the  same  plan  as  the  Fort  Worth  vat.  There  is  usually  a 
swim  of  about  4  feet  wide,  about  12  feet  in  depth,  3  feet  6  inches  in  the 
clear  on  top,  and  a  foot  and  a  half  on  the  bottom.  It  just  gives  the 
cattle  a  chance  to  go  through  without  turning  around.  We  put 
about  9  feet  of  water  into  that  vat  and  then  on  the  top  we  measure  at 


DIPPING    IN    OIL.  75 

first  about  an  inch  of  oil,  and  after  a  few  cattle — say  10  or  15 — are  run 
through,  oil  is  added  at  the  rate  of  approximately  a  gallon  to  each 
bullock.  We  find  that  a  bullock  will  carry  off  a  gallon  of  oil.  Where 
the  cattle  first  come  into  the  vat  we  have  a  false  drop.  It  descends 
about  2  feet  below  the  oil  and  water  surface,  and  the  cattle  step  over 
and  cover  the  abdomen  and  parts  where  the  ticks  usually  invade  the 
cattle,  and  then  after  they  swim  to  the  middle  of  the  vat  we  have 
another  false  drop.  They  start  to  climb  up  and  make  another  drop, 
insuring  a  second  immersion  in  the  oil.  At  first  we  used  hot  water, 
but  it  broke  up  the  oil  into  smaller  globules.  Now  we  use  cold  water, 
and  of  course  the  oil  remains  thick  on  top,  and  this  has  proved  very 
effective.  I  do  not  think  it  is  as  effective — of  course  it  can  not  be — as 
a  full  oil  dip;  but  if  we  inspect  the  cattle  and  find  any  more  ticks  we 
run  them  through  again. 

We  usually  do  the  dipping  in  the  evening.  Shade  is  an  absolute 
necessity  in  the  dipping  of  cattle  with  oil.  We  usually  dip  them  in  the 
evening  and  very  slowly,  because  if  you  dip  fast  the  oil  will  mix  with 
the  water  and  it  becomes  necessary  for  the  oil  to  rise  to  the  surface 
again  in  order  to  get  the  mechanical  effects  of  the  oil.  This  dipping 
has  proved  very  beneficial  in  our  State.  I  think  our  oils  are  just  as 
effective  as  the  Beaumont  oils.  We  have  secured  results  in  the 
destruction  of  ticks  with  oil. 

We  have  in  a  number  of  counties  public  dipping  vats.  We  go  to  the 
county  boards  of  supervisors,  who  run  the  affairs  of  the  county,  and 
when  we  have  a  district  badly  infected  with  ticks,  where  there  are  a 
number  of  small  ranches,  where  it  would  be  too  expensive  to  put  in 
dipping  vats  of  their  own,  and  we  ask  them  to  put  in  a  vat  out  of  the 
county  funds,  and  we  have  been  successful.  On  a  great  many  ranches 
there  are  private  dipping  vats.  On  smaller  places  they  are  not  so 
large,  but  at  the  same  time  they  are  effective. 

I  believe  that  the  float  dip,  in  places  where  you  can  not  use  the  full 
oil,  and  in  some  places  where  there  are  oils  that  are  pretty  hard  on 
cattle  (some  of  the  heavier  grades  of  oil  containing  asphalt  1  believe  do 
the  damage  to  cattle),  is  a  very  good  substitute  for  the  full  oil  dip. 

The  CHAJKMAX.  I  would  like  to  ask  Doctor  Payne  if  he  has  experi- 
mented sufficiently  with  the  new  oil  that  he  has  been  trying  to  throw 
any  light  upon  the  subject,  or  if  he  has  carried  the  tests  far  enough  to 
justify  a  report. 

Doctor  PAYNE.  The  number  of  cattle  which  have  been  treated  or 
greased  with  the  oil  of  which  you  speak-  the  Kentucky  crude  oil  has 
not  been  sufficient,  and  results  are  not  sufficiently  known,  for  me  to 
render  an  official  report  as  to  what  the  results  are. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  As  far  as  you  have  gone  it  has  been  satisfactory 
has  it  not? 


76  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Doctor  PAYNE.  Yes;  in  a  few  individual  cases  where  we  have  had 
an  opportunity  to  see  the  cattle  and  examine  them,  we  can  not  see  any 
difference  between  the  Kentucky  crude  petroleum  and  Beaumont  oil. 
This  Kentucky  oil  is  a  grade  of  oil  from  which  the  lighter  grades,  such 
as  naphtha  and  kerosene,  have  been  extracted.  It  seems  to  have  lots 
of  asphalt  in  it,  but  so  far  as  we  can  tell  at  the  present  time  the  results 
of  using  it  have  been  very  satisfactory  where  it  has  been  properly 
applied. 

Doctor  PARKER.  I  do  not  consider  this  final  as  regards  the  safety 
and  practicability  of  this  dip.  This  is  merely  a  preliminary  report. 

Doctor  MAULDIN.  How  much  ought  each  animal  take  out  of  the 
dip? 

Doctor  PARKER.  We  have  no  way  of  estimating  it. 

Doctor  CURTICE.  We  have  been  told  that  the  waste  is  large  where 
there  are  large  numbers  of  cattle.  We  have  not  discussed  yet  the 
cost  of  disinfection  in  its  various  phases,  and  it  comes  up  to  us  in  the 
East  with  great  severity  when  we  consider  the  small  numbers  of 
cattle  and  the  fact  that  they  are  scattered.  In  one  county  in  North 
Carolina  we  have  tried  disinfection.  The  great  lesson  taught  here 
has  been  that  the  work  in  the  West  has  been  under  supervision.  In 
the  East  we  have  usually  permitted  the  owners  of  the  cattle  to  do  it, 
and  they  have  failed ;  but  in  Yadkin  County  we  have  had  some  super- 
vision. We  furnished  the  oil,  the  pump,  and  the  outfit  to  do  the 
work,  got  the  cattle  and  treated  them,  turned  them  loose,  and  rein- 
spected  afterwards.  We  did  everything.  To  apply  one  disinfection 
it  took  the  services  of  the  inspector,  with  living  expenses;  we  may 
count  that  at  not  less  than  $7.  It  took  a  team  to  haul  the  outfit;  we 
can  put  that  down  at  $3  more.  It  did  take  a  second  inspector,  but 
we  could  have  used  a  laboring  man.  Then  there  were  two  laboring 
men  at  $1  each.  The  driver,  who  was  only  hired  to  drive,  was  paid 
50  cents  for  extra  labor,  making  $2.50.  The  feed  for  the  horses  and 
dinners  for  the  men  would  add  $1.50  at  least.  I  estimate,  therefore, 
that  it  would  cost  us  about  $15  for  such  a  day's  work,  I  asked  the 
inspector  how  many  head  he  treated  daily,  and  he  said  from  7  to  15  a 
day.  That,  seems  pretty,  expensive.  With  large  herds  the  expense 
becomes  less.  We  have  found  that  the  inspectors  need  not  go  once 
in  three  weeks,  but  probably  once  in  four.  It  appears  that  before 
the  dipping  will  clean  the  herds  the  expense  will  be  equal,  in  most 
cases,  to  that  of  abandoning  the  pasture  on  September  1,  and  then 
putting  the  cattle  on  next  spring,  although  reinspection  next  spring 
will  have  to  determine  the  fact.  To  offset  against  that  expense  of 
dipping  we  have  to  consider  the  continuous  rounds  and  the  prospective 
rounds  next  year.  In  the  long  run  those  expenditures  for  continuous 
inspection  add  up  greatly.  I  believe  that  we  can  make  pasture,  sow 


WORK    ALONG    STATE    BOUNDARIES.  77 

grass  for  an  area,  pick  up  the  loose  cattle,  and  give  them  back  to  the 
owner  fattened  cheaper  than  we  can  disinfect  them  in  any  other  way. 

Mr.  MORRIS.  I  think  they  pay  too  much  up  there.  We  do  differ- 
ently in  Oklahoma.  The  only  expense  is  the  expense  of  the  inspector. 
The  owner  is  notified  to  have  his  oil  on  a  certain  day  and  have  plenty 
of  help.  The  inspector  goes  and  supervises  it.  The  man  who  owns 
the  cattle  pays  for  the  oil  and  for  the  help.  He  is  told  he  can  do  it  or 
pay  additional  sheriff's  expenses,  as  the  latter  will  buy  the  oil  and  will 
furnish  the  help.  But  when  a  man  sees  he  is  up  against  it  he  would 
rather  do  it  himself. 

Doctor  PARKER.  Have  you  had  a  test  case  of  putting  the  sheriff  in 
charge  ? 

Mr.  MORRIS.  No,  sir;  we  can  also  claim  that  no  man  has  ever  tried. 
A  man  came  in  about  a  month  ago  to  one  of  the  best  lawyers  in  town. 
There  were  some  $7  expenses  against  him.  The  lawyer  came  to  me 
and  said,  "How  about  this?"  I  showed  him  the  law,  and  he  said,  "I 
will  tell  him  to  pay  the  bill." 

Doctor  CURTICE.  I  should  amend  my  last  statement.  I  would  not 
advise  the  method  for  all  cattle,  but  for  certain  of  those  that  we  were 
convinced  we  could  not  hold  in  quarantine  cheaply  otherwise — for 
the  tag  ends  and  clean-up. 

Mr.  DEAN.  I  think  it  is  very  plain  that  the  same  conditions  do  not 
prevail  in  all  portions  of  the  country.  It  has  been  demonstrated  all 
along  the  line  during  this  discussion  that  we  could  not,  with  any 
degree  of  certainty,  agree  on  a  rule  that  will  apply  to  every  condition. 
We  must  let  every  inspector  in  charge  of  a  district  adopt  the  rules 
best  suited  to  his  district  and  his  people.  We  think  we  are  following 
that  best  suited  to  our  people  in  the  open-range  and  large-pasture 
areas. 

Doctor  NIGHBERT.  Doctor  Curtice  did  not  mention  the  expense  of 
making  the  first  inspection  without  disinfection  of  cattle  or  the  prem- 
ises. In  the  States  of  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  and  Virginia  it  will 
cost,  at  a  rough  estimate,  20  cents  simply  to  inspect  those  cattle,  let 
alone  the  disinfection,  for  the  same  reason  that  the  gentleman  lias 
mentioned — the  cattle  are  scattered  so  much.  We  must  keep  looking 
through  the  brush  for  the  cattle,  and  you  can  not  visit  eight  or  ten 
premises  a  day.  If  a  law  were  made  to  force  a  man,  after  you  find 
the  cattle,  to  disinfect,  that  would  reduce  the  expense  to  the  simple 
cost  of  inspecting  and  teaching  a  man  how  to  disinfect  his  stock. 

DIFFICULTIES  OF  WORK  ALONG  STATE  BOUNDARIES. 

Doctor  Ct'RTiCK.  There  are  some  questions  about  interstate  work 
that  usually  come  up  that  we  can  discuss  to  advantage  here.  I  am  not 
getting  far  outside  when  I  call  attention  to  the  line  between  North 
Carolina  and  Tennessee  and  Georgia.  It  used  to  bother  us  six,  seven, 


78  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

or  eight  years  ago,  and  it  still  bothers  us.  I  will  cite  a  condition:  A 
little  village  lies  on  the  State  line;  .the  country  is  peopled  by  a  good 
many  residents  who  have  single  cows  that  they  take  out  to  pasture  on 
either  side  of  the  town.  People  come  and  go ;  the  pastures  are  infected 
in  one  county,  and  no  effort  is  made  to  clean  them  up.  An  effort  has 
been  made  to  clean  up  in  a  county  to  the  south,  and  yet  when  they 
came  to  the  obstacle  of  cattle  coming  from  the  other  State  they  ceased 
vigorous  operations,  so  that  the  conditions  remain  about  what  they 
were  at  the  beginning.  This  is  true  of  the  line  between  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee,  and,  I  believe,  between  Tennessee  and  Georgia.  The 
methods  of  dealing  with  such  cases  might  be  discussed  here.  Of 
course  we  know  that  it  depends  on  what  the  people  want  to  do;  yet  I 
have  an  idea  that  a  wire  fence  along  the  State  line  might  help  some 
portions,  if  it  were  feasible. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  I  want  that  question  discussed  very  much.  We 
are  bordering  on  Alabama  and  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina.  Doctor 
Payne,  Doctor  Nighbert,  and  myself  have  had  a  good  deal  of  trouble 
with  this  interstate-line  proposition.  It  was  the  greatest  menace  we 
had  to  our  work  this  year;  I  think  Doctor  Payne  will  bear  me  out  in 
that.  We  have  Fannin  County  almost  rid  of  ticks  under  State  provi- 
sion. When  Doctor  Payne  took  charge  of  the  force  in  our  county  tick- 
eradication  work  he  asked  me  about  Fannin  County,  which  adjoins 
Tennessee.  I  told  him  I  thought  Fannin  County  was  practically  free 
of  ticks.  He  put  inspectors  to  work  in  the  lower  part  of  the  county, 
and  found  it  almost  entirely  free  of  ticks;  also  the  middle  part.  But 
right  up  next  to  Tennessee  he  found  a  great  deal  of  infestation,  perhaps 
a  mile  wide  and  2  miles  along  that  line.  There  was  Polk  County 
Tenn.,  continuing  to  infest  Fannin  County,  Ga.  We  did  not  have  an 
inspector  watching  the  northern  part  of  the  line,  because  we  did  not 
want  to  get  into  trouble  with  interstate  business.  He  sent  his  inspect- 
ors up  there  and  they  found  ticks,  and  he  quarantined  nearly  all  the 
Georgia  cattle  in  Fannin  County;  put  them  in  close  quarantine.  The 
Tennessee  cattle  continued  to  come  over  and  eat  at  their  pleasure,  and 
our  people  got  tired  of  it.  They  said :  "  Why,  here,  Doctor  Payne,  you 
are  forcing  us  to  put  our  cattle  in  quarantine,  and  we  have  not  said 
anything;  but  you  must  keep  Tennessee  cattle  off  our  grass,  too." 
Then,  I  think,  the  Doctor  appealed  to  the  authorities  of  Tennessee; 
anyhow,  the  result  was  not  satisfactory.  The  cattle  continued  to 
come  over,  and  we  objected,  and  I  wrote  to  the  commissioner  of  agri- 
culture a  strong  letter,  and  stated  what  we  were  going  to  do.  We  said, 
"  We  are  going  to  take  those  cattle  up  and  pen  them  up. "  We  did  not 
do  it,  however,  because  we  were  a  little  afraid  to.  Doctor  Payne  sent 
his  inspectors  up  there,  and  the  offending  cattle  seemed  to  be  mostly 
milch  cows,  and  they  belonged  mostly  to  women,  and  they  did  raise 
some  objections,  because  their  living  was  involved.  To  make  a  long 


WOEK    ALONG    STATE    BOUNDARIES.  79 

story  short,  after  we  had  about  made  up  our  minds  to  pen  up  those 
cattle  and  put  the  Georgia  law  to  them,  Tennessee  stopped  work  on 
the  1st  of  November  and  withdrew  the  inspectors. 

Doctor  ELLENBERGER.  There  is  more  done  there  now  than  in  the 
early  season.  The  State  and  county  inspectors  worked  in  there  not 
to  exceed  a  month. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  But  about  the  1st  of  November  you  withdrew 
them? 

Doctor  ELLENBERGER.  We  did  not  work  there.  The  State  of 
Tennessee  did  about  a  month's  work  there. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  Here  we  have  been  working  for  about  three  or 
four  years  to  clean  up  that  county,  and  that  infection  got  in  there,  and 
it  took  one  of  your  special  men,  Doctor  Payne,  to  come  down  there 
and  find  it  out.  We  have  got  the  law  in  Georgia,  but  when  Tennessee 
itself  withdrew  that  local  inspection  we  felt  that  we  could  not  do 
anything  else;  but  we  did  not  want  to  get  up  any  feeling,  so  Doctor 
Payne  and  the  State  authorities  just  agreed  to  withdraw  for  the 
prtfcent.  I  would  like  to  know  just  how  to  proceed.  I  think,  without 
any  instructions,  that  Georgia  is  going  to  insist  next  year  on  quar- 
antining all  cattle  that  come  in  from  Tennessee.  Tennessee  is  com- 
mencing above  and  working  down  and  shoving  the  ticky  cattle  upon 
us.  We  have  to  have  a  starting  point  and  work  down,  too,  so  that 
is  the  trouble  that  has  confronted  us  in  the  State.  Where  Doctor 
Payne  has  not  had  those  conditions  to  contend  with,  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State — in  Stephens,  Habersham,  and  White — I  think  he 
will  recommend  a  provisional  quarantine.  We  have  had  success  in 
that  part  of  the  State;  but  in  Fannin  County,  until  Tennessee  cleans 
up,  Georgia  is  hopelessly  at  the  mercy  of  those  ticks  above  us.  Fan- 
nin County  needs  just  a  little  cleaning  up  in  the  northern  part.  We 
did  not  want  to  divide  the  county,  because  there  is  no  natural  line  we 
could  adopt.  Besides  we  find  cutting  a  county  in  two  is  very  dis- 
tasteful to  the  people.  You  must  cut  out  a  whole  county  unless  you 
have  some  natural  line.  We  did  do  that  in  Rabun  County.  Fannin 
County  is  waiting  on  Tennessee;  there  is  Gilmer,  there  is  Murray  to 
the  west  of  us,  and  there  is  Dade  and  Walker  and  Catoosa  that  we 
could  clean  up  next  year;  but  unless  Tennessee  gets  busy  and  cleans 
up  that  part  of  the  State  that  adjoins  us,  we  are  at  their  mercy.  I 
would  like  to  have  a  solution  of  that  matter,  and  would  like  to  hear 
further  from  Doctor  Payne  or  Doctor  Nighbert  if  I  have1  not  stated 
all  the  facts  in  the  case. 

Doctor  ELLENBERGER.  You  people  seem  to  think  we  do  not  have 
troubles  in  Tennessee.  We  have  the  same  conditions  you  have  in 
North  Carolina  and  Georgia.  There  is  Polk  County;  there  is  the 
Cumberland  Mountain  country.  The  people  have  their  cows  and 
yearlings,  maybe  two  or  three.  They  may  not  own  a  square  foot  of 
22352— No.  97-07 C 


80  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

ground.  It  is  a  pretty  hard  matter  to  handle  them  in  many  instances. 
This  summer  we  had  no  way  of  taking  care  of  certain  classes  of  ter- 
ritory. The  best  we  could  do  was  to  inform  those  people  that  they 
must  not  have  ticky  cattle,  and  it  was  too  late  in  the  season  to  be 
positive  that  that  territory  would  be  free  of  ticks  next  spring;  but  if 
we  were  able  to  keep  those  cattle  off  the  range  after  September  1  ,  then 
we  would  have  a  fair  chance  of  having  the  territory  free  of  ticks  next 
spring.  The  only  way  to  succeed  then  is  to  work  Polk,  Bradley,  and 
James  counties  of  Tennessee  at  the  same  time  that  Fannin  and  Murray 
and  Whitfield  of  Georgia  are  being  worked.  Earlier  in  the  season  it 
was  soon  found  that  the  State  authorities  in  Tennessee  would  not  turn 
over  their  men  to  the  Bureau  to  direct  the  wrork  from  the  same  office. 
For  that  reason  it  was  decided  that  the  State  people  —  three  deputy 
inspectors  —  would  take  up  the  work  in  certain  counties,  and  the 
Bureau  force  would  take  up  the  work  in  other  counties,  and  then  this 
fall,  along  toward  the  end  of  the  season,  we  would  investigate-  the 
counties  that  the  State  people  thought  they  had  ready  for  exemption. 


I  think  the  deputy  State  inspectors  in  that  county  work  wer«Jm- 
ployed  possibly  four  weeks,  but  they  really  accomplished  very  little 
more  than  greasing  the  cattle  one  time. 

At  the  time  Doctor  Payne  called  my  attention  to  Polk  County  it 
was  too  late  to  accomplish  disinfection  this  year,  because  it  was 
away  along  in  September,  the  26th  or  28th.  It  was  entirely  too 
late;  the  cattle  had  been  dropping  the  ticks  on  the  surrounding 
country.  It  takes  some  time  to  get  people  interested  and  have 
them  make  arrangements  to  take  care  of  the  cattle,  so  that  all  we 
could  do  was  to  get  them  interested  and  get  ready  for  work  next 
year.  We  find  the  same  trouble  in  Lincoln  County,  Tenn.  —  that  is, 
in  the  southern  portion  of  the  county.  There  are  some  little  farmers 
in  there;  a  small  portion  is  fenced.  What  is  under  fence  is  culti- 
vated; cattle  run  outside,  and  those  people  have  quite  a  good  many 
yearlings.  If  'it  had  not  been  for  the  yearlings,  I  think  we  would 
have  succeeded  in  getting  the  territory  practically  disinfected  this 
year.  It  is  too  hard  a  matter  to  get  them  up  and  grease  them.  Our 
inspectors  have  a  great  deal  of  difficulty  in  finding  these  young  cat- 
tle. When  they  find  them,  they  have  a  great  deal  of  difficulty  in 
finding  the  owner.  That,  of  course,  made  it  difficult  for  our  inspect- 
ors to  report  the  names  of  the  owners  of  the  cattle  they  found. 
Maybe  sometimes  several  days  elapsed  before  they  found  out  whom 
the  cattle  belonged  to.  If  we  could  have  disposed  of  the  young  cat- 
tle there,  and  managed  to  get  to  each  owner  and  see  his  cattle  and 
instructed  him  that  he  must  keep  them  greased  and  clear  of  ticks, 
as  we  could  not  permit  them  on  the  range  if  ticky,  I  think  we  would 
have  gotten  pretty  good  results  there.  It  was  too  late  in  the  season 
to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  dispose  of 


TROUBLE    WITH    OX    TEAMS.  81 

the  yearlings,  but  we  hope  to  give  everybody  to  understand  that  they 
must  dispose  of  the  cattle  they  can  not  take  care  of.  But  many  of 
the  people  have  no  place  to  care  for  the  cow;  they  have  to  depend 
on  the  range,  and  it  is  a  hard  proposition. 

TROUBLE  WITH  OX  TEAMS. 

Doctor  PAYNE.  The  chairman  has  stated  the  correct  conditions 
prevailing  down  there.  There  is  one  thing  we  have  to  contend  with 
which  is  not  general  in  any  other  part  of  the  tick-infested  district, 
and  that  is  the  steer-team  proposition.  The  farmers  and  stock  owners 
in -some  counties  in  Georgia  rely  almost  solely  upon  steer  teams  for 
hauling  purposes,  and  that  is  a  very  serious  thing,  and  it  is  a  hard 
thing  to  combat.  To  rob  a  man  of  his  means  of  transportation  deals 
a  serious  blow  to  him,  and  I  do  not  feel  able  to  state  to  a  person  that 
"you  can  not  move  your  ox  team."  It  shuts  a  man  off  from  his 
market  and  in  a  great  number  of  instances  it  prevents  him  from  mak- 
ing a  living.  I  simply  mention  it  as  one  of  the  things  to  be  consid- 
ered in  the  mountain  counties  in  north  Georgia. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  Those  steer  teams  are  not  depended  on  in  the 
whole  State.  You  must  not  get  that  impression.  We  have  a  nest 
of  those  mountain  counties  that  prefer  steers  to  mules.  They  raise 
mules  and  sell  them  and  use  the  steers,  because  it  is  cheaper,  I  sup- 
pose; some  people  are  able  to  buy  a  steer  team,  but  are  not  able  to 
buy  the  other  teams.  After  we  get  through  with  this  tier  of  coun- 
ties we  are  now  engaged  in,  and  if  we  can  get  three  or  four  counties  on 
the  west,  we  will  be  out  of  the  steer-team  proposition.  There  are  no 
steer  teams  after  you  leave  the  next  tier  of  counties.  We  are  in  the 
last  tier  of  counties  where  they  use  steer  teams.  You  do  not  find 
them  in  middle  Georgia  and  rarely  in  south  Georgia,  except  for  lum- 
bering purposes,  or  something  of  that  sort.  I  think  we  are  fighting 
the  hardest  battle.  I  think  Doctor  Payne  has  had  the  hardest  battle 
in  the  whole  territory.  After  next  July,  if  we  are  successful  now,  I 
think  we  will  have  the  tick  proposition  solved  in  Georgia,  if  we  can 
continue  the  work.  We  will  be  down  into  the  counties  where  we 
have  stock  laws. 

Doctor  KEANE.  I  can  appreciate  the  difficulties  which  you  must 
have  in  a  great  many  of  these  States.  We  are  very  fortunate  out 
West — that  is,  in  the  State  I  represent;  but  do  I  understand  that  the 
ox  teams  are  infested  with  ticks?  I  can  not  see  how  it  would  work 
any  hardship  upon  the  parties  who  own  these  infested  ox  teams  to 
prohibit  their  moving  while  infested,  because  it  is  no  more  trouble 
to  clean  them  than  it  is  to  curry  horses. 

The  Cii AIRMAN.   I  do  not  think  so  either,  but  thev  differ  with  us. 


82  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Doctor  PAYNE.  It  is  not  as  hard  to  clean  the  steer  teams  as  year- 
lings, but  if  you  allow  them  to  go  over  the  temporary  quarantine  lines 
others  are  going  to  take  the  same  liberties  whether  you  grant  them  or 
not,  and  it  is  setting  that  precedent  and  allowing  steer  teams  to  go 
over  temporary  quarantine  lines  which  gives  citizens  and  persons  in 
the  district  a  chance  to  violate  the  quarantine  restrictions. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  We  are  managing  that  fairly  well.  Doctor  Payne 
with  his  three  very  efficient  veterinary  surgeons  is  right  behind  the 
whole  business,  and  I  think  it  is  remarkable  that  we  have  done  as 
much  as  we  have  in  the  four  short  months.  .The  people  are  falling 
right  in  line,  and  as  we  go  down  the  interest  is  increasing,  for  they 
know  that  a  calf  just  below  the  line  is  worth  $4  and  above  the  line  $8; 
and  the  best  men,  the  representative  men,  make  those  statements  at 
public  meetings  and  say  it  is  true,  and  the  people  are  becoming  edu- 
cated. I  believe  the  educational  feature  in  this  work  is  the  most 
important  part.  We  get  our  people  together  and  talk  these  matters 
over;  we  show  them  the  life  history  of  the  tick,  and  prove  to  them 
that  it  is  a  menace  not  only  to  the  cattle  industry,  but  to  the  whole 
county  or  State.  They  are  becoming  converted,  and  they  are  willing 
and  anxious  to  take  hold  of  this  work;  but  we  must,  as  stated  before, 
heap  line  upon  line  and  precept  upon  precept,  and  continue  educating. 
I  do  not  think  we  should  become  discouraged  at  all,  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  I  think  we  should  look  at  it  optimistically  and  never  let-up, 
do  our  work  thoroughly,  be  encouraged,  and  encourage  others. 

I  am  satisfied  that  Georgia  will,  with  one  more  year's  good  work 
and  a  little  more  money,  clean  up  the  tick.  I  believe  with  Secretary 
Wilson  that,  if  they  will  give  us  time  and  plenty  of  money,  we  will 
sweep  the  ticks  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

REMARKS  BY  W.  H.  DTJNN. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Dunn,  of  Tennessee,  being  present  on  the  afternoon  of 
the  second  day,  was  called  on  by  the  chairman  for  some  remarks. 

Mr.  DUNN.  I  used  to  be  in  this  work,  and  I  am  still  a  friend  to  the 
cause.  I  am  fully  in  accord  with  this  movement  and  shall  be  glad 
to  do  or  say  anything  whatever  that  I  can  to  help.  The  trouble  has 
always  been  to  educate  the  people  as  to  what  ought  to  be  done. 
They  thought  we  were  trying  to  run  something  over  them,  but  I  am 
glad  to  say  that  the  feeling  has  changed,  and  I  do  not  think  there  is 
a  farmer  of  any  prominence  or  of  standing  in  any  community  who 
is  not  in  full  accord  with  the  work  in  Tennessee.  It  ought  to  be  car- 
ried out  by  the  State  and  by  the  people  to  the  fullest  and  strictest 
letter  of  the  law,  and  I  am  heartily  in  favor — and  I  said  so  to-day 
before  the  resolutions  committee  at  our  meeting  of  the  farmers' 
institute— of  the  State  of  Tennessee  making  a  liberal  appropriation, 
so  this  work  can  be  carried  out.  It  has  been  hampered  and  handi- 


TICK    EEABICATION   IN   TEXAS.  83 

capped  by  not  having  sufficient  means.  I  do  not  know  in  what  way 
the  State  of  Tennessee  could  spend  its  money  any  better  than  in 
helping  this  cause.  I  do  not  know  any  State  that  could  have  better 
cattle  than  we  can  have  here.  We  need  State  aid. 

PLANS,  METHODS,  AND  PROSPECTS  FOR  TICK  ERADICATION  IN 

TEXAS. 

By  JOSEPH  \V.  PARKER, 
Inspector,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

The  State  of  Texas  contains  nearly  half  of  the  southern  cattle  in 
the  United  States  and  about  two-thirds  of  the  State  is  below  the 
quarantine  line  against  splenetic  fever.  The  portion  of  the  quaran- 
tine line  in  Texas  is  over  500  miles  long,  has  eleven  bordering  counties 
on  the  east,  and  passes  through  three  counties.  Nineteen  entire 
counties  and  parts  of  three  others  above  the  quarantine  line  are 
partly  infested  with  fever  ticks. 

At  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  the  live-stock  sanitary  commis- 
sion of  Texas  (1893),  the  most  profound  ignorance  existed  among  the 
generality  of  cattlemen  as  to  the  nature,  cause,  and  method  of  trans- 
mission of  splenetic  fever.  The  isolation  of  the  plains,  the  lack  of  any 
previous  State  oversight  of  the  health  of  live  stock,  and  the  neces- 
sities of  a  frontier  country  had  fostered  in  the  pioneer  a  contempt  for 
scientific  discoveries  and  a  spirit  of  disregard  for  the  law  whenever 
it  best  suited  his  convenience  and  immediate  financial  interests. 
Advice  based  on  scientific  knowledge  concerning  the  so-called  Texas 
fever  was  scoffed  at  and  disregarded  with  the  lofty  contempt  of  "an 
experienced  cowman."  So  it  came  about  that  the  work  for  the  con- 
trol of  splenetic  fever  has  been  fiercely  opposed,  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  State  and  of  the  Federal  Government  disregarded  with 
impunity,  and  the  appropriation  for  the  support  of  the  State  live- 
stock sanitary  commission  made  astonishingly  inadequate.  The 
very  fact  that  a  purely  nonveterinary  commission  was  established 
and  has  been  so  maintained  for  thirteen  years  reflects  the  dogmatic 
spirit  of  the  Texas  cattleman  and  the  Texas  legislator. 

In  the  face  of  these  odds  the  State  commission  and  the  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry  have  for  thirteen  years  maintained  an  educational 
campaign,  until,  aided  by  nature's  own  illustrations  of  the  soundness 
of  the  "tick  theory,"  and  the  advancing  plowshare,  very  few  people 
in  the  counties  bordering  on  the  quarantine  line  or  above  it  have  any 
doubts  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  doctrine.  With  the  settling  up  of 
the  country,  too,  has  come  a  more  civilized  regard  for  the  law  because 
it  is  the  law.  Smaller  margins  of  profit  in  all  lines  have  enforced  more 
scientific  methods  of  reducing  avoidable  losses,  so  that  the  prevention 
of  splenetic  fever  has  become  a  matter  of  individual  concern  and 


84  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

study.  Public  sentiment  is  aroused  in  half  of  the  partially  infected 
counties  west  of  the  quarantine  line,  and  is  awakening  everywhere. 
This,  while  not  showing  the  rapid  progress  that  might  have  been 
made,  is  substantial  progress.  At  least  four  counties — Collingsworth, 
Childress,  Kent,  and  Garza — that  were  among  the  partially  infected 
counties  eight  years  ago  are  now  free  from  infection.  Three  more — 
Cottle,  King,  and  Hardeman — we  expect  to  show  free  from  infection, 
or  nearly  so,  by  June  30,  1907,  if  even  a  small  force  can  be  kept  in  the 
field  to  keep  the  cattle  owners  at  it  until  they  have  done  a  thorough 
job.  This  has  been  brought  about  by  ranch  management  directed  to 
that  end,  dipping  vats,  and  the  aid  of  natural  conditions.  The  four 
counties  first  named  are  on  the  border  of  the  Territory,  where  occa- 
sional seasons  present  conditions  that  the  fever  tick  can  not  survive — 
such  as  severity  and  length  of  winters,  dry  summers,  general  sparse- 
ness  of  grass  and  brush,  and  lack  of  permanent  surface  water.  A  very 
little  systematic  effort,  with  nature's  assistance,  did  the  work.  The 
fact  that  these  four  counties  have  been  freed  of  ticks  demonstrates 
the  feasibility  of  the  proposition. 

As  we  advance  eastward  toward  a  more  favorable  environment  for 
the  tick,  the  methods  employed  for  its  eradication  must  be  more 
nearly  perfect.  But  nature  and  the  cutting  up  of  the  large  pastures 
into  farms,  with  consequent  reduction  of  the  number  of  cattle,  their 
increased  value,  and  the  increase  of  tilled  acreage,  contribute  to  help 
us  solve  the  problems  of  tick  eradication  in  Texas. 

Naturally,  it  is  logical  that  tick  eradication  should  be  first  under- 
taken in  the  partially  infected  counties  above  the  quarantine  line, 
where  public  opinion  is  prepared  and  conditions  are  most  favorable 
for  success.  This  gives  nineteen  counties  and  parts  of  three  counties 
for  a  field  of  actual  work.  Three  distinct  conditions  in  tick  eradi- 
cation are  presented  in  this  area:  (1)  Unfenced  range;  (2)  fenced 
ranches;  (3)  farms. 

Fortunately  the  unfenced  range  comprises  only  a  small  part  of  this 
area,  viz,  parts  of  Pecos,  Terrell,  and  Brewster  counties,  and  small 
scattered  areas  in  other  counties.  Some  half  dozen  unfenced  ranches 
in  Pecos  and  Terrell  counties  and  one  in  Brewster  County  are  infected 
to  a  slight  extent.  This  involves  some  400  to  600  sections  of  land.  I 
already  have  assurance  from  most  of  the  ranchmen  concerned  that 
they  will  put  in  dipping  vats  and  unite  in  an  effort  to  eradicate  .the 
ticks.  The  plan  favorably  regarded  is  to  run  drift  fences,  throw  the 
cattle  on  certain  parts  of  the  range  long  enough  for  the  other  portions 
to  become  tick  free,  then  dip  the  cattle  and  keep  them  on  the  clean 
range.  This  will  require  a  year  at  least.  Climatic  conditions  may  be 
counted  on  to  offset  many  of  the  imperfections  in  the  application  of 
this  method  on  an  open  range.  The  presence  of  a  great  number  of 
sheep  on  these  ranches  is  a  distinct  advantage. 


TICK;    ERADICATION   IN    TEXAS.  85 

In  the  fenced  ranch  country  I  class  the  counties  of  Reagan,  Irion, 
Sterling,  Upton,  Glasscock,  Mitchell,  Howard,  Stonewall,  Jones, 
Fisher,  Scurry,  Borden,  Haskell,  King,  Knox,  Cottle,  and  Foard.  In 
these  counties  the  ranches  yet  preponderate  over  the  farms,  though 
Jones,  Fisher,  and  Haskell  are  being  rapidly  settled.  Hardeman  and 
Wilbarger  counties  may  almost  be  classed  as  farming  counties,  but 
the  preponderance  of  infection  is  of  course  on  the  larger  pastures. 
The  ranches  and  farms  are  so  intimately  associated  that  the  same 
inspectors  do  the  work  and  the  same  methods  are  used,  except  that 
"doping,"  or  hand  treatment,  is  encouraged  on  the  farms.  The 
ranchmen  are  almost  unanimous  in  the  counties  of  Cottle,  Hardeman, 
Foard,  Wilbarger,  King,  and  Knox  in  their  desire  to  eradicate  the 
ticks  and  very  seldom  have  we  met  with  opposition  that  persuasion 
has  failed  to  overcome.  As  soon  as  it  became  evident  that  a  concert 
of  action  could  be  had  the  opposition  vanished,  lumber  was  ordered 
for  dipping  vats,  and  dipping  commenced  as  rapidly  as  possible.  As 
far  as  practicable  dipped  cattle  have  been  placed  on  tick-free  pas- 
tures. In  other  cases,  dipping  will  be  repeated  as  necessary.  Owners 
of  small  lots  of  cattle  on  farms  and  in  towns  have  nearly  all  promised 
to  "dope"  their  cattle;  many  have  done  so,  some  under  supervision. 
The  cattle  on  farms  will  be  placed  on  wheat  fields  or  other  premises 
free  from  ticks,  after  being  themselves  freed  of  ticks.  We  will  show 
good  progress  in  these  counties.  Oifr  inspectors  in  these  northern 
counties  of  the  State  are  now  reinspecting  premises  previously  found 
infected,  reporting  what  has  been  accomplished,  and  advising  the 
owners  what  further  work  will  be  needed. 

In  Haskell,  Stonewall,  Jones,  Fisher,  Howard,  Mitchell,  and  Glass- 
cock  counties  fewer  ranches  have  dipping  vats,  and  the  people  have 
had  little  experience  with  any  dip  or  application  except  hand  appli- 
cations of  Beaumont  oil  obtained  from  railroad  supply,  of  which  they 
are  afraid.  They  have  heretofore  been  permitted  to  drive  their 
ticky  cattle  to  certain  stations  for  shipment  as  southern  cattle,  or 
from  pasture  to  pasture,  without  much  restraint.  The  result  was 
that  a  great  many  cattle  died  last  season  of  splenetic  fever— probably 
an  average  of  500  in  each  county.  All  the  shipping  stations  except 
Big  Springs  are  infected.  Many  of  the  public  roads  and  trails  are 
infected.  Public  opinion  favors  tick  eradication,  but  the  people  are 
afraid  to  use  Beaumont  oil.  They  do  use  it,  however,  when  their  cat- 
tle are  dying,  but  seldom  repeat  the  dipping  or  doping  often  enough 
to  eradicate  the  ticks.  Our  inspectors  are  developing  considerable 
influence,  but  it  will  be  a  work  of  two  years  or  more  to  educate  these 
people  up  to  the  point  of  doing  their  work  thoroughly. 

No  work  has  yet  been  done  in  the  counties  of  Fisher,  Borden, 
Irion,  Reagan,  and  Upton,  and  very  little  in  Stonewall  and  Pecos 
counties. 


86  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

In  Sterling  and  Irion  and  southern  parts  of  Jones  and  Fisher  coun- 
ties the  inspection,  though  general,  is  not  permanent.  Their  normal 
outlets  for  shipping  are  San  Angelo,  Abilene,  Merkle,  and  Sweetwater, 
below  the  quarantine  line,  and  Colorado  and  latan  above  the  line. 
In  these  vicinities  50  to  90  per  cent  of  the  cattle  are  infected,  but  not 
over  25  per  cent  are  immunes.  Heavy  losses  occur  annually.  The 
estimated  losses,  by  counties,  for  1906  are — Jones,  500;  Fisher,  500; 
Sterling,  1,500;  Irion,  500.  Shipping  stations  at  Colorado,  latan, 
and  Eskota,  and  trails  thereto  from  the  south  and  some  of  those  from 
the  north,  are  infected.  There  have  been  heavy  losses  all  along  the 
trails,  and  adjoining  pastures  are  infected.  A  movement  is  now  on 
foot  by  Sterling  County  cattlemen  to  ask  that  Sterling  and  Mitchell 
counties  be  placed  below  the  quarantine  line.  It  is  not  probable 
that  this  movement  represents  any  large  portion  of  the  cattle  owners 
in  Sterling  County,  and  it  certainly  represents  but  very  few  in  Mitch- 
ell County.  I  believe  that  the  temporary  damage  arising  from  the 
enforcement  of  the  law  as  it  applies  above  the  quarantine  line  will 
be  greatly  overweighed  by  the  permanent  benefits  that  will  result. 
This  territory  is  not  permanently  infested  to  an  extent  that  the  cattle 
are  immunes,  and  so  these  counties  really  belong  above  the  quaran- 
tine line. 

In  Terrell  County  the  Big  Canyon  Ranch,  8,000  cattle,  160,000 
acres,  fenced,  is  the  first  to  beg\n  tick  eradication,  having  a  pasture 
vacated  by  cattle  May  8,  1906,  used  for  sheep  since  that  date.  They 
will  put  in  a  dipping  vat  and  dip  the  cattle  to  be  placed  on  this  pas- 
ture, thus  vacating  another  pasture.  Other  infected  fenced  ranches 
of  the  locality  will  begin  work  this  winter  by  the  same  method. 

Investigations  are  nowr  being  made  in  Upton  and  Reagan  counties. 
It  is  probable  that  these  counties  are  not  extensively  infected  and  that 
good  results  will  be  apparent  in  six  months.  As  their  natural  outlet 
is  by  wray  of  the  shipping  stations  above  the  quarantine  line,  they  must 
dip  ticky  cattle  before  they  can  ship  them.  This  insures  tick-eradica- 
tion work  in  these  counties.  Owing  to  the  immense  area  already 
covered  by  the  force  at  work  in  Texas,  we  have  not  undertaken  work 
in  Throckmorton  and  Baylor  counties,  though  the  effect  of  the  edu- 
cational campaign  is  apparent  there. 

Three  State  inspectors  have  assisted  in  the  investigations.  The 
legislature  will  be  asked  for  an  emergency  appropriation  to  enable  the 
live-stock  sanitary  commission  to  increase  its  force  of  inspectors. 

The  Bureau  force  engaged  in  tick  eradication  in  Texas  at  present 
numbers  eleven  men.  Employees  are  mounted  and  usually  ride  two 
together,  following  round-ups  as  far  as  practicable.  In  the  Colorado 
vicinity  it  was  found  necessary  to  use  hacks  to  carry  bedding  and 
supplies,  but  this  was  not  advantageous  in  other  localities.  In  doing 
the  "follow-up"  work  we  expect  to  dispense  entirely  with  the  hacks. 


TICK    ERADICATION    IN   TEXAS.  87 

I  began  work  at  Quanah,  Tex.,  organizing  the  force  at  that  time 
consisting  of  six  men,  under  Mr.  William  D.  Jorden.  They  rode  two 
and  two  and  visited  ranches  when  round-ups  were  in  progress.  At 
other  times  they  worked  on  ranches  and  had  personal  interviews  with 
the  owners,  persuading  them  to  get  busy.  The  results  will  be  shown 
later.  In  case  we  found  an  infected  shipping  station,  we  have  had  no 
serious  opposition  in  enforcing  the  treatment  of  the  cattle  with  Beau- 
mont oil,  so  that  I  believe  we  will  show  these  shipping  stations  and 
small  towns  in  that  part  of  Texas  clean.  They  are  clean  now  to  all 
appearances,  having  been  inspected,  reinspected,  and  treated  twice. 
I  have  no  doubt  we  will  show  them  clean  next  season,  unless  they 
introduce  infection  by  driving  in  infected  cattle.  The  same  method 
is  being  inaugurated  on  the  Texas  and  Pacific  Roadj  because  our 
shipping  stations  must  be  clean  to  afford  an  outlet  for  clean  cattle. 

Next  I  organized  a  force  at  Colorado,  Tex.,  under  Mr.  Dan  McCun- 
ningham.  There  were  four  men  on  that  force  a  part  of  the  time  and  all 
the  Texas  inspectors  helping.  They  have  a  different  kind  of  country 
to  go  through.  They  can  not  go  on  horseback,  because  they  can  not 
depend  on  the  ranches  to  accommodate  even  two  men  offhand.  Their 
horses  must  be  fed,  and  those  ranches  do  not  keep  feed  for  horses. 
Again,  they  might  find  themselves  a  long  distance  from  any  ranch 
headquarters  when  meal  time  or  sleeping  time  comes,  so  the  time  lost 
would  be  a  great  deal;  therefore  we  thought  it  best  to  rig  up  a  ranch 
hack,  tent,  and  camping  outfit.  Two  men  would  go  to  one  pasture 
and  two  to  another,  or  one  man  would  go  to  a  round-up,  just  as  cir- 
cumstances indicated.  When  cattle  are  being  rounded  up  by  the 
owner  one  inspector  can  do  a  thorough  job,  and  we  take  advantage  of 
that  fact.  When  we  go  into  the  farming  country  along  the  Texas  and 
Pacific,  which  we  intend  to  work  during  the  bad  weather,  the  men  will 
leave  their  hack  in  town.  One  man  has  been  placed  in  Stamford,  in 
conjunction  with  the  Texas  inspector,  and  another  at  Ilamlin,  near  by, 
to  take  up  the  work  in  Fisher  and  Stonewall  counties.  These  two  can 
work  together  if  they  find  it  advantageous.  We  have  one  other  man 
in  Sanderson. 

The  first  essential  to  successful  continuation  of  the  tick-eradication 
work  in  Texas  is  the  enforcement  of  the  law  against  the  movement  of 
infected  cattle  above  the  quarantine  line.  For  this  purpose  I  would 
ask  that  the  Federal  and  State  inspectors  be  distributed  so  as  to  afford 
the  most  prompt  inspection  when  persons  desire  to  move  cattle,  and 
so  as  to  detect  violations  of  the  law  and  secure  evidence  for  prosecu- 
tions. The  second  condition  of  success  is  that  a  suflicient  number  of 
employees  be  kept  on  tick  eradication  to  keep  the  work  constantly 
going.  If  the  force  should  be  entirely  withdrawn  much  of  the  ground 
that  has  been  gained  would  be  lost  within  a  month  or  two.  The  one 
condition  of  securing  the  active  cooperation  of  the  ranchmen  and 


88 


THE    ERADICATION    OP   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 


farmers  is  to  show  them  that  it  pays.     We  seldom  have  difficulty  in 
doing  that. 

The  following  table  shows  the  work  we  have  done,  and,  in  part,  the 
results : 

Condition  of  tick-eradication  work  in  Texas. 


County. 

Free  from  ticks. 

Infected. 

Number 
of 
dipping 
vats,  o 

Prem- 
ises. 

Acres. 

Cattle. 

Prem- 
ises. 

Acres. 

Cattle. 

Childress  

23 
6 
190 
5 
•10 
9 

54,260 
25,420 
160,  572 
98,440 
28,'290 
846,  800 

7,875 
4,140 
17,596 
10.035 
1,399 
50,400 

Cottle  . 

4 
39 
.10 
36 
3 
7 
29 
12 
4 
2 
17 
4 
46 
1 
5 
1 

154,600 
80,038 
68,940 
75,500 
19,  640 
124,020 
1,066,082 
140,020 
16,350 
33,280 
55,424 
42,880 
252,  349 
96,000 
325,  760 
32,000 

10,700 
6,004 
16,335 
9,007 
2,800 
13,450 
14,452 
13,450 
1,364 
3,480 
23,  175 
2,550 
17,143 
6,000 
.  14,200 
2,000 

4 
6 
7 
.8 
1 
4 
2 
1 
0 
1 
20 
3 
10 

Ilardeman  

Foard  

Wilbarger 

King                           

Knox  

Jones 

14 
3 

5,972 
6,100 

424 
809 

Haskell 

Stonewall                

Howard  

7 
3 
5 
10 

22,090 
19,840 
48,780 
37,040 

1,767 
1,450 
3,475 
2,079 

Mitchell 

Glasscock 

Sterling 

Pecos       

Terrell  

2 

Brewstcr 

Total  . 

315 

1,349,564 

101,448 

220 

2,582,883 

156,110 

69 

o  Includes  those  already  in  and  those  definitely  planned. 

Mr.  Jorden  estimates  that  100,000  cattle  have  already  been  dipped 
in  his  territory.  Very  little  dipping  has  been  done  in  other  localities, 
with  the  exception  of  Stamford.  Estelline,  Acme,  Damsite,  Chilli- 
cothe,  and  Stamford,  which  were  infected  \vhen  we  began  work,  have 
been  freed  of  infection  by  hand  applications  of  Beaumont  oil  under  the 
supervision  of  inspectors.  We  expect  to  make  uninfected  shipping 
stations  of  Colorado,  latan,  Hamlin,  and  other  stations,  in  the  same 
manner,  beginning  work  on  them  this  month. 

Investigations  are  complete  in  King,  Hardeman,  Cottle,  and  Chil- 
dress counties.  The  following  ranches  are  believed  to  be  now  freed 
of  ticks:  White  &  Swearingen,  Cottle  County,  100,000  acres,  7,000 
cattle;  T.  B.  Yarbrough,  Cottle  County,  25,600  acres,  3,000  cattle; 
Fred  Fleming,  Cottle,  Foard,  and  Hardeman  counties,  82,000  acres, 
6,500  cattle;  other  premises — Hardeman  County,  10  premises.  19,820 
acres,  1,285  cattle;  Wilbarger  County,  25,000  acres,  5,000  cattle; 
Mitchell  County,  2,020  acres,  235  cattle;  total,  254,440  acres  and 
23,020  cattle,  which  are  clean  or  may  be  reasonably  expected  to  be 
clean.  Besides  these,  the  work  in  progress,  on  which  we  have  at  pres- 
ent no  method  of  knowing  results,  may  be  expected  to  free  a  great 
deal  more  of  infection.  Lack  of  thoroughness  by  the  owners  will 
inevitably  result  in  some  failures,  and  unforeseen  circumstances  will 
cause  others.  As  the  work  was  only  begun  September  1,  it  is,  of 
course,  impossible  to  say  that  any  territory  has  been  actually  demon- 
strated to  have  been  freed  of  infection  so  as  to  justify  the  removal  of 


ARSENICAL    CATTLE    DIP   FOR   TICKS.  89 

quarantine  restrictions,  nor  will  this  be  possible  to  determine  prior  to 
June  30,  1907,  or  later.  These  estimates  of  the  results  accomplished 
are  based  on  the  conditions  found  and  the  work  actually  done. 

REPORT  ON  ARSENICAL  CATTLE  DIP  FOR  TICKS. 

By  JOSEPH  \V.  PARKER, 
Inspector,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

Beginning  in  July,  1906,  in  cooperation  with  the  live-stock  sanitary, 
commission  of  Texas,  which  furnished  the  material  for  the  experi- 
ments, I  have  been  testing  an  arsenical  dip  proposed  by  Dr.  N.  S. 
Mayo,  chief  veterinarian  of  Cuba,  for  the  destruction  of  cattle  ticks. 
Doctor  Mayo's  formula  and  directions  for  making  and  using  the  solu- 
tion are  substantially  as  follows: 

Arsenic  trioxid,  commercial 8  pounds. 

Sodium  carbonate,  crystallized 24  pounds. 

Yellow  soap r .  2-1  pounds. 

Pine  tar 1  gallon. 

Water  sufficient  to  make 500  gallons. 

Dissolve  the  arsenic  in  20  to  30  gallons  of  water  by  boiling  30  to  40  minutes.  Add 
water  to  make  100  gallons.  Dissolve  the  soda  in  20  to  30  gallons  of  water;  dissolve  the 
soap  (shaved)  in  the  soda  solution;  pour  the  tar  into  this  in  a  fine  stream,  stirring  at  the 
same  time.  Mix  the  two  solutions.  Add  enough  water  to  make  500  gallons. 

Doctor  Mayo  has  used  this  only  as  a  hand  application,  and  reported 
that  it  killed  all  ticks  without  injury  to  the  cattle,  even  in  the  extreme 
heat  of  Cuba. 

On  July  31  and  August  3,  1900,  near  Converse,  Tex.,  I  sprayed  cat- 
tle with  this  preparation  and  with  a  modification  made  by  leaving  out 
the  soap,  and  made  subsequent  observations  to  determine  whether 
the  preparation  will  kill  all  ticks,  and  whether  the  soap  can  be  dis- 
pensed with,  as  we  know  that  the  use  of  soap  in  a  dip  is  impracticable 
in  that  locality.  The  cattle — calves,  yearlings,  cows,  steers,  and 
bulls — were  in  good  condition  and  heavily  infested  with  ticks. 

Lot  1, 10  mixed  cattle,  sprayed  July  31.     Soap  left  out  of  the  solution. 

Lot  2,  16  mixed  cattle,  sprayed  July  31 .     Full  Mayo  solution. 

Lot  3,  25  mixed  cattle,  sprayed  August  3.  Soap  left  out  of  the 
•  solution. 

The  solutions  were  not  well  made,  as  considerable  insoluble  brown 
sediment  was  found  in  the  vessel  in  which  it  was  prepared.  The  water 
is  supposed  to  have  contained  iron.  Light  showers  fell  on  lots  1  and  '2 
about  ten  to  twelve  hours  after  spraying. 

Observations. — August  3,  most  of  the  ticks  on  lots  1  and  2  were  dead. 
Ticks  in  second  molt  seemed  to  survive  most  frequently,  though  living 
ticks  of  ail  ages  were  found.  Cattle  very  slightly  stiffened.  Skin 
slightly  crisped  on  the  surface.  August  7,  lots  1  and  2  yet  showed  a 
few  living  ticks,  mostly  in  second  molt,  but  a  few  ovigerous  females 


90  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE   TICK. 

seemed  uninjured  by  the  application.  One  living  seed  tick  found  on 
the  brisket  of  a  cow  of  lot  2,  but  it  was  unattached.  Cattle  no  longer 
stiff.  Injury  to  skin  consisted  in  slight  crisping  of  the  skin,  super- 
ficially. The  spray  without  the  soap  seemed  fully  as  efficient  as 
with  it,  no  differences  being  observable.  Lot  3  on  August  7  showed 
results  parallel  with  observations  on  lots  1  and  2  on  the  third  day.  I 
was  prevented  from  making  further  observations  by  press  of  other 
work,  but  considered  the  observations  final  as  far  as  the  use  of  the 
solution  with  the  spraying  machine  was  concerned.  On  August  15, 
Mr.  L.  C.  Roosevelt,  the  operator  of  the  spraying  machine,  and  Mr. 
Adolf  Real,  the  owner  of  the  cattle,  carefully  examined  some  30  head 
of  these  cattle  and  could  find  no  live  ticks. 

On  September  25,  near  Quanah,  Tex.,  3  cows  and  2  calves,  in  good 
condition,  moderately  infested  with  ticks,  were  dipped  in  an  arsenical 
solution  made  according  to  the  following  formula : 

Arsenic 8  pounds. 

Sodium  carbonate 24  pounds. 

Tar 1  gallon. 

Water  sufficient  to  make 500  gallons. 

A  concentrated  solution  for  1,000  gallons  of  dip  was  prepared  by 
dissolving  the  arsenic  (double  the  above  quantity)  in  about  60  gallons 
of  water,,  then  adding  the  soda,  and  when  no  sediment  was  perceptible 
the  fire  was  drawn  and  the  tar  added.  One  cow  was  held  in  the  vat  a 
minute. 

On  observation  sixty-eight  hours  afterwards  50  per  cent  of  the  ticks 
had  disappeared;  of  the  remainder,  75  per  cent  were  dead.  The  hair 
and  skin  were  perfectly  normal.  One  hundred  and  seventeen  hours 
after  dipping  all  ticks  were  dead;  calves  were  slightly  burned  on  the 
abdomen  and  brisket;  cow  that  was  held  one  minute  in  the  dip  was 
slightly  burned.  None  of  the  cattle  showed  any  symptoms  of  arsen- 
ical poisoning.  Animals  in  first-class  condition.  The  observations 
were  made  by  Mr.  William  D.  Jorden  and  Dr.  Vernon  A.  Dennis,  of  the 
Bureau  force. 

Other  cattle  were  dipped  in  November  under  supervision  and 
found  free  of  ticks  within  eight  days,  as  follows: 

Fred  Fleming,  Foard  County 5, 000 

J.  J.  McAdams,  Foard  County 2,000 

Early  Brothers  Foard  County 1, 000 

Millard  Young,  Foard  County 35 

J.  J.  McAdams,  Cottle  County 3, 000 

M.  M.  Hankins,  Hardeman  County 500 

W.  R.  Wheat,  Hardeman  County 100 

Total 11,  635 

Mr.  Givens  Lane,  a  Bureau  agent,  supervised  the  dipping  of  these 
cattle  and  made  the  subsequent  examinations.  In  his  report  on  the 


ARSENICAL    CATTLE    DIP    FOR    TICKS.  91 

dipping  of  the  McAdams  cattle  he  says:  "I  did  not  examine  a  single 
cow  but  what  the  ticks  were  either  dead  or  in  a  dying  condition,  say, 
after  three  days."  He  found  no  living  ticks  after  eight  days,  and  no 
injury  to  the  cattle. 

In  connection  with  the  dipping  of  the  Wheat  cattle,  2  cows  were 
dipped  in  a  double-strength  solution  without  injury  to  them.  Mr. 
M.  M.  Hankins,  live-stock  sanitary  commissioner,  Quanah,  Tex.,  says 
of  these: 

Mter  twenty-two  hours,  upon  examination,  the  cows  were  not  injured  in  the  least. 
The  male  ticks  were  dead.  The  large  female  ticks  were  very  much  swollen  and  had  a 
bluish  appearance.  The  small  ticks  were  practically  all  dead.  The  only  casualties 
attending  the  dipping  were  two  steers  dead,  and  in  my  opinion  they  died  from  drinking 
the  solution  which  had  been  carried  out  by  the  cattle  into  the  pen,  where  the  cattle 
stayed  over  night,  and  the  cattle  during  the  night  evidently  drank  from  the  puddle  of 
the  solution. 

In  making  the  dip  for  these  dippings  a  zinc  pan  holding  about  120 
gallons  was  used,  the  arsenic  and  soda  being  placed  in  it  together  and 
boiled  until  dissolved,  the  tar  added,  and  the  mixture  diluted  to  the 
strength  desired.  No  dripping  floor  was  used.  At  one  dipping  the 
yat  contained  ice  and  no  bad  result  was  noted. 

Beginning  about  November  15,  Swenson  &  Co.,  Stamford,  Tex., 
dipped  886  ticky  cattle  and  placed  them  on  feed.  Doctor  Dennis  had 
an  excellent  opportunity  to  observe  the  results.  He  reported  Novem- 
ber 26  that  on  examination  that  day  he  was  unable  to  find  a  single 
living  tick.  I  helped  him  examine  these  cattle  November  20,  finding 
a  very  few  living  ovigerous  female  ticks  and  they  plainly  showed  that 
they  were  in  a  dying  condition.  Inclement  weather  prevented  his 
making  another  satisfactory  examination  until  November  26.  It 
apparently  required  longer  for  the  ticks  to  be  killed  at  Stamford  than 
at  Quanah,  the  difference  being  probably  due  to  the  water  used  or  to 
the  manner  of  preparing  the  dip.  At  Stamford  the  arsenic  and  soda 
were  dissolved  separately,  being  boiled  by  steam,  then  mixed,  and  not 
subsequently  boiled.  Or  it  may  be  that  the  capacity  of  the  vat  at 
Stamford  was  not  correctly  estimated  and  the  dip  was  consequently 
too  weak. 

The  dangers  to  be  apprehended  from  the  use  of  the  arsenical  dip  are 
those  resulting  from  careless  preparation  of  the  dip  and  from  improper 
disposition  of  the  residue  in  the  vat  when  it  becomes  necessary  to 
clean  the  vat.  As  the  dip  can  be  made  in  concentrated  form,  50 
gallons  to  make  500  gallons,  the  first  of  these  dangers  can  be  overcome. 
The  second  danger  can  be  guarded  against  only  by  supervision  and 
instructing  the  users  as  to  a  safe  method  of  disposing  of  the  residue. 


92  THE    ERADICATION    OF    THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

RESOLUTIONS. 

The  committee  on  resolutions  offered  the  following,  which  were 
unanimously  adopted : 

Representing  the  States  of  Alabama,  Arkansas,  California.  Florida,  Georgia,  Ken- 
tucky, Louisiana,  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Oklahoma,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
Texas,  and  Virginia,  which  are  more  or  less  infested  with  the  cattle  fever  tick,  and 
which  are  suffering  great  annual  losses  in  consequence  thereof,  having  met  in  conven- 
tion to  discuss  the  work  accomplished  in  tick  eradication  by  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  in  cooperation  with  the  proper  officials  of  the  several  States  alxwe 
named;  and 

Whereas  the  most  conservative  estimates  of  the  direct  annual  loss  resulting  from  the 
presence  of  the  said  fever  ticks  amounts  to  the  sum  of  $40,000,000  annually;  and 

Whereas  the  expense  of  the  entire  eradication  of  the  said  fever  tick  in  the  United 
States  will  be  far  less  than  the  direct  loss  resulting  from  the  same  in  any  one  year  and 
will  result  in  a  permanent  saving  of  this  great  sum  of  money  to  the  cattle  interests  of  the 
United  States;  and 

Whereas  we  realize  the  necessity  of  a  progressive  campaign  for  the  eradication  of  the 
cattle  tick;  and 

Whereas  Congress  at  its  last  session  appropriated  the  sum  of  $82,500  for  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  work  during  the  current  fiscal  year;  and 

Whereas  the  Federal  Government  is  asking  the  cooperation  of  the  various  States 
whose  interests  are  so  vitally  affected;  and 

Whereas  very  beneficial  results  have  been  obtained  by  the  expenditure  of  the  sum 
appropriated  by  Congress,  and  the  entire  eradication  of  the  cattle  fever  tick  is  only  a 
matter  of  continued  intelligent  effort  and  an  expenditure  of  a  sum  of  money,  very 
small  compared  to  the  great  annual  loss  resulting  from  these  ticks:  Therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  we  heartily  commend  the  action  of  the  last  Congress  in  making  the 
said  appropriation  of  $82,500. 

Resolved,  That  we  recommend  to  Congress  the  appropriation  of  $250,000  asked  for  by 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  to  be  used  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  said 
Department  in  continuing  this  work  of  tick  eradication  in  cooperation  with  the  proper 
officials  of  the  States  concerned  during  the  coming  fiscal  year,  and  we  further  recom- 
mend that  of  this  amount  $50,000  be  made  available  for  immediate  use,  so  that  this 
important  work  will  suffer  no  interruption. 

Resolved,  That  we  urge  upon  the  members  of  the  legislatures  of  these  States  the 
importance  of  having  the  necessary  laws  to  empower  their  State  officials  to  enter  into 
said  cooperation,  and  the  necessity  of  a  sufficient  appropriation  of  money  to  carry  on 
their  part  of  the  work. 

On  motion  of  Doctor  Gary,  a  unanimous  vote  of  thanks  was  ten- 
dered to  Hon.  James  Wilson,  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  and  Dr.  A.  D. 
Melvin,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  for  their  earnest 
work  along  the  line  of  tick  eradication  and  for  their  efforts  to  secure 
the  appropriation  of  funds  for  this  object. 

Doctor  Keane  offered  a  resolution,  which  was  unanimously  adopted, 
expressing  appreciation  of  the  work  of  Dr.  R.  P.  Steddom,  chief  of  the 
Inspection  Division  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  and  his  force 
of  inspectors,  and  pledging  support  to  the  work. 

On  motion  of  Professor  Willoughby,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  tendered 
to  Major  Wells,  custodian  of  the  building  in  which  the  meeting  was 
held,  and  to  other  authorities,  for  courtesies  extended  in  the  u^e  of  the 
court  room  and  offices, 


CONCLUSION.  93 

REMARKS  IN  CONCLUSION. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  I  am  optimistic  as  to  tick  eradication  in  Georgia. 
I  know  that  we  have  had  some  ups  and  downs,  but  all  of  you  have  had 
the  same.  I  am  satisfied  that  if  Doctor  Payne  is  sent  back  to  Georgia 
with  an  increased  appropriation,  we  are  going  to  rid  twelve  or  fifteen 
counties  of  the  tick.  You  have  encouraged  me,  and  I  shall  go  back 
home  and  tell  our  people  that  this  is  the  greatest  work  that  Georgia 
could  engage  in,  and  I  believe  every  word  of  it.  We  want  more  cat- 
tle. We  must  have  better  lands  and  fewer  ticks.  We  shall  never  be 
a  prosperous  State — none  of  our  Southern  States  will  prosper— until 
we  grow  more  cattle.  We  have  grown  cotton  until  we  have  nearly 
exhausted  our  land.  The  West  must  look  to  the  South  for  some 
cattle.  We  must  get  ready  for  this.  There  is  no  long  grass  growing 
free  in  the  West.  You  can  not  start  with  a  bunch  of  cattle  in  the 
Dakotas  and  drive  them  to  Chicago,  taking  six  months  in  the  driving, 
and  expect  them  to  be  fat  when  they  get  there.  Already  Armour  and 
Swift  and'the  other  packing  houses  are  looking  for  more  cattle.  We 
have  the  climate,  but  we  have  too  much  cotton  and  not  enough  cat- 
tle. If  the  Government  will  help  us  to  rid  our  country  of  this  cattle 
infection,  we  will  show  you  the  grandest  country  that  the  sun  ever 
shone  on. 

Let  us  put  our  shoulders  to  the  wheel  and  push,  and  back  up  the 
great  work  that  the  National  Government  has  done  for  us.  We  must 
do  our  part.  They  have  done  their  part  nobly,  and  I  feel  ashamed 
that  my  State  has  not  done  more  in  this  tick  eradication  work  than  it 
has  in  the  past,  but  if  we  meet  twelve  months  hence  you  will  find  that 
Georgia  has  not  made  a  small  appropriation. 

Doctor  DAWSON.  I  believe  it  would  be  well  for  this  assembly  to 
appoint  a  committee  to  confer  with  the  Agricultural  Committee  in  the 
coming  Congress. 

Professor  WILLOUGHBY.  Further  extending  the  remarks  of  the  gen- 
tleman as  to  the  National  Government  helping  the  States  that  help 
themselves,  most  of  this  should  be  considered  as  a  national  problem 
in  the  same  way  that  foot-ami-mouth  disease  was  considered  a 
national  menace  to  our  country,  although  it  was  localized  in  New 
England,  and  the  same  way  that  seal)  and  other  diseases  in  the  West, 
which  might  have  spread  all  over  our  country,  were  considered  a 
national  problem  and  were  taken  up  by  the  National  Government. 
So,  in  the  same  way  it  seems  to  me  that  the  Northern  States— all  States 
of  our  Union — should  be  perfectly  willing  to  engage  in  this  national 
problem  of  tick  eradication.  It  not  only  affects  the  Southern  States 
directly,  but  it  affects  every  State  in  the  I'nion. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Southern  commissioners  of  agriculture  last 
fall  at  Richmond,  Va.,  a  committee  of  five  members  was  appointed 
which  did  excellent  work  in  presenting  the  claims  of  our  people  to  the 


94  THE    ERADICATION    OF   THE    CATTLE    TICK. 

Southern  Congressmen  and  Senators.  I  have  not  heard  that  the 
members  at  Jacksonville  have  continued  that  committee,  and  it  seems 
to  me  that  if  we  should  adjourn  without  appointing  such  a  committee 
there  would  be  a  division  in  that  respect. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  I  think  you  are  quite  right.  I  know  the  question 
was  up  at  Jacksonville  before  the  commissioners  of  agriculture,  ami 
they  very  heartily  indorsed  the  work  and  asked  for  an  increased 
appropriation.  They  urged  their  Congressmen  and  Senators  to  ask 
for  this  increased  appropriation.  I  am  not  advised  as  to  whether 
they  appointed  a  committee.  I  think  it  is  very  necessary  to  appoint 
a  committee  to  act  in  conjunction  with  that  committee.  Or  if  they 
did  not  appoint  a  committee  we  should  act  alone.  I  wo  aid  like  to 
hear  some  discussion  on  that  line  or  some  suggestions.  I  think  Mr. 
Willoughby's  idea  is  right. 

Doctor  KEANE.  I  believe  we  should  all  resolve  ourselves  into  com- 
mittees of  one  and  use  our  influence  with  our  Representatives  in  Con- 
gress and  try  to  have  them  do  the  same  with  northern  members  in 
Congress.  It  will  do  more  good  than  any  committee. 

The  CHAIRMAN.  That  is  all  good  work.  I,  with  Doctor  Redding, 
represented  Georgia  before  that  Congressional  committee  last  Feb- 
ruary, and  we  had  representatives  from  a  great  number  of  States. 
They  heard  us,  and  I  think  it  was  through  our  work  with  that  commit- 
tee that  we  got  that  appropriation.  As  Doctor  Keane  says,  let  us  all 
go  back  home  and  appoint  ourselves  committees  of  one  to  see  our  Con- 
gressmen. I  know  last  year  I  wrote  to  every  Congressman  we  had, 
and  I  had  a  favorable  reply  from  every  one  except  one,  and  that  one  did 
as  much  to  get  the  appropriation  as  any  of  the  others.  I  think  if 
every  man  will  do  that  it  will  be  effective. 

On  motion  of  Doctor  Klein  a  unanimous  vote  of  thanks  was  ex- 
tended to  Mr.  Wright  for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  presided  over 
the  meeting. 

The  meeting  adjourned. 


INDEX. 


Alabama—  Pll8e- 

Report 

Resum£  of  work  done 18 

Allen,  Leslie  J.     Paper  on  '  'Work  against  Texas  fever  with  special  reference  to 

Oklahoma" '. 66 

Arkansas — 

Remarks  by  Albert  Dean 63 

Report 

Resume  of  work  done 16 

Appropriations — 

Congressional,  urged 20,  92 

Georgia 8,  93 

Louisiana 53 

Need  of 82 

State,  urged 8.  20,  82,  92 

Tennessee 58 

Arsenical  dip,  report  on 89 

Beaumont  crude  petroleum.     (See  Oil.) 

Brown,  John  Thompson — 

Remarks 41 

Report  regarding  Virginia 60 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry — 

Representatives  present 9 

Work  of  tick  eradication  from  standpoint  of.     Remarks  by  A .  D.  Melvin 10 

Burning,  disinfection  by 62,  68 

California — 

Law,  existing,  t 29 

Methods  of  work 26 

R£sum6  of  work  done 15 

Cary,  C.  A. — 

Education  and  publicity  as  an  aid  to  tick  eradication 40 

Remarks 21 

Report  regarding  Alabama 47 

Chairman.     (See  Wright,  R.  F.) 

Committees,  appointment  of 9 

( 'ongress — 

Commended  for  making  appropriation 92 

Urged  to  make  further  appropriation 92,  94 

Cooperation  between  States  and  Federal   Government 35 

Crop  rotation  as  an  agency  for  tick  eradication 20 

Curtice,  Cooper — 

Cost  of  inspection  and  dipping 7(5 

Difficulties  of  work  along  State  boundaries 77 

Methods  of  keeping  records 71 

Remarks 24.  34,  46 

Report  regarding  North  Carolina 53 

Report,  regarding  Virginia 60 

Sulphur  in  oil 73 

Dawson,  C.  F. — 

Remarks 21 

KejHirt  regarding  Florida 48 

Dean.  Albert- 
Keeping  re-cords 71 

Remarks 77 

The  work  in  the  West 61 

Delegate**,  list  of S 


22352—  No.  97    07- 


96  INDEX. 

Dip  -  Pago. 

Arsenical .  report  on 89 

Lime  and  sulphur ' 73 

Oil 64,  74 

Oil  on  water 27,  74 

Dipping  cattle  to  destroy  ticks — 

Cost 76 

Experience,  methods,  and  results 26,  64,  74-76 

Good  results  from  oil  dipping 64,  73 

Vats  in  California 26.  74 

Vats  in  Texas 59,  85 

Disinfection  of  cattle  and  premises.     Remarks  by  H.  A .  Morgan 20 

Dunn,  \V.  H.     Remarks  regarding  work  in  Tennessee 82 

Education  and  publicity  as  an  aid  to  tick  eradication.     Remarks  by  C.  A.  Cary.  40 

Ellenberger,  W.  P.— 

Difficulties  of  work  in  Tennessee 79 

Elected  secretary 7 

Report  regarding  Kentucky 51 

Eisenman,  F.  T.     Report  regarding  Kentucky. 50 

Florida- 
Conditions  in 21,  22 

Report 48 

Georgia — 

Difficulties  of  work  along  Tennessee  boundary 78 

Law,  existing 29 

Report 49 

Resume  of  work  done 18 

Trouble  with  ox  teams 81 

Work  of  tick  eradication 7,  f> 

Government,  Federal,  cooperation  with  States 35 

Hand  dressing  with  oil,  method  of 23,  24,  25 

Horses,  ticks  on 64,  69 

Indian  Territory.     Remarks  by  Albert  Dean 63 

Inspection — 

Cost 76 

Methods  of  keeping  records ,. (58,  71 

Statement  by  States 14 

Inspectors — 

Need  of  knowledge  of  farming  conditions,  so  as  to  give  advice 40 

Short  course  in  agriculture 41,  45 

Interstate  Live  Stock  Association,  announcement 47 

Keane,  Charles — 

Dipping  in  oil  on  water 74 

Lime-and-sulphur  dip 73 

Remarks 9,  26 

Sulphur  and  oil •   72 

Kentucky — 

Law,  existing 29 

Report 50 

Resum^  of  work  done 17 

Kittrell,  R.  H.— 

Remarks 22 

Report  regarding  Tennessee 56 

Klein,  L.  A  — 

Remarks 22,  34 

Report  regarding  South  Carolina 55 

Sulphur  in  oil 74 

Law,  proposed  uniform,  for  enactment  by  States 30 

Laws — 

State  and  Territorial,  existing,  summary 13.  29 

States  urged  to  enact 92 

Legal  side  of  the  tick-eradication  problem.     Address  .by  George  P.  McCabe. ...  28 

Lenton,  W.     Report  regarding  Arkansas 47 

Lime-and-sulphur  dip 73 

Louisiana — 

Conditions  in 16 

Report 52 


INDEX.  97 

Luckey,  D.  F. —  Page. 

Cooperation  between  the  States  and  the  Federal  Government 35 

Remarks 23.  47 

McCabe,  George  P.     Address  on  "The  legal  side  of  the  tick-eradication  problem"        28 

Melvin,  A.  D.— 

Remarks 33 

The  work  of  tick  eradication  from  the  standpoint  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry 10 

Missouri — 

Law,  existing 30 

Resume  of  work  done Hi 

Morgan,  H.  A. — 

Disinfection  of  cattle  and  premises 20 

Remarks 21 .  27 

Morris,  Thomas — 

Enforcement  of  quarantine  regulations 37 

Remarks 25,  70.  77 

Report  regarding  Oklahoma 54 

Newell,  Wilmon — 

Remarks 25.  27 

Report  regarding  Louisiana 52 

Nighbert,  E.  M.     Remarks 25,  77 

North  Carolina — 

Law,  existing 29 

Report '. 53 

Resume  of  work  done 18 

Oil— 

Beaumont  crude  petroleum 22,  23,  24.  64,  74 

Cost 23.  27 

Dipping (>4.  74-7(1 

Disadvantages 23.  27 

Efficacy  in  destroying  ticks 22,  23.  24,  (>4.  74 

Hand  application 22.  23.  24.  25 

Kentucky  crude  petroleum 7(> 

Sulphur  in 72-74 

West  Virginia  black 23 

( Oklahoma — 

Enforcement  of  regulations 

Law,  existing 

Paper  by  Leslie  J.  Allen 

Remarks  by  Albert  Dean 

Report 

Resum£  of  work  done 

Order  of  business 

Parker,  Joseph  \V. — 

Paper  on  "Plans,  methods,  and  prospects  for  tick  eradication  in  Texas'". 

Remarks .   24,  44 

Report  on  arsenical  dip 8ft 

Report  regarding  Texas 58 

Payne,  A.  J. — 

Kentucky  crude  petroleum 

Report  regarding  Georgia 4!» 

Trouble  with  ox  teams 81 

Per«'>  is  present 

Pettilwme,  A.  II.     Remarks 

Publicity  and  education 40 

Quarantine — 

Regulations,  enforcement,  remarks  by  Thomas  Morris.. 

Regulations,  publication  and  notice 34 

Special  individual,  inside  of  quarantined  area. . 

Ransom,  B.  H.     Remarks  on  effect  of  sulphur 72 

Regulations.     iSee  Quarantine.  \ 

Reports  from  States 17 

Resolutions — 
Adopted... 
Appointment  of  mmmittee  on..  !' 


98  INDEX. 

Page. 

Rotation  of  crops f 20.  21 

South  Carolina,  report.*. 55 

State  boundaries,  difficulties  of  work  along 77 

States — 

Cooperation  with  Federal  Government 35 

Reports  from 47 

Represented • 8 

Urged  to  enact  laws  and  make  appropriations. 92 

Steddom,  R.  P.     Report  of  cooperative  work 12 

Sulphur,  effect  of,  in  feed  or  dip 72-74 

Teams,  ox,  trouble  with : 81 

Tennessee — 

Difficulties  of  work  in 79 

Law,  existing 29 

Remarks  by  \V.  H.  Dunn t 82 

Report 56 

Resume  of  work  done 17 

Texas — 

Law,  existing 30 

Plans,  methods,  and  prospects  for  tick  eradication,  paper  by  Joseph  \V. 

Parker 83 

Report 58 

•    Resume  of  work  done 15 

Ticks,  life  of 27 

Virginia — 

Law,  existing 29 

Methods  and  conditions , 41 

Report. 60 

Resume  of  work  done. 19 

Willoughby,  C.  L.     Remarks 42 

Wright,  R.  F.— 

Difficulties  of  work  along  State  boundaries 78 

Elected  chairman 7 

Georgia,  conditions  and  outlook 82 

Remarks 7, 93 

Trouble  with  ox  teams 81 

Uniform  laws 36 


o 


